Karoly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsis-Hodosi : Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin

RUMANIA

11. Short tour in the Szatmár (Satu Mare) and Máramaros (Maramures) region
( 270 km)

SATU MARE / SZATMÁRNÉMETI (130,584; 41.3 % Hung.): - seat of Szatmár county and of the Roman Catholic diocese of Szatmár - Roman Catholic pontifical Baroque-neo-Classicist cathedral - Reformed ("chain") Classicist-Baroque church - Secessionist Pannónia /currently Dacia Hotel - Town Hall - Tûzoltótorony (Fire Tower) - Csizmadiaszín (Bootmaker's) - Gothic Vécsey residence /currently: County Museum - Orthodox neo-Byzantian church - Hungarian National Theater - "Szamos / Somes" Leisure Center (seasonal resort of local importance) /open-air swimming-pool/

LIVADA / SÁRKÖZ ( 5,187; 76.3 % Hung.): - Roman Catholic Gothic church - Vécsey mansion

SEINI / SZINÉRVÁRALJA (7,774; 20.7 % Hung.): former district seat - birthplace of the Hungarian Bible translator, author of the first Hungarian grammar, Sylvester János Erdõsi (1504-1551) - ruins of a castle - Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches - wine growing

TAUSII-MAGHERAUS/ MISZTÓTFALU-MISZMOGYORÓS (1,967; 30.2 % Hung.): - birthplace of Miklós Misztótfalusi Kis (1650-1702), famous Hungarian printer and engraver - Reformed Gothic church - "Nagybánya / Baia Mare" airport

BAIA MARE / NAGYBÁNYA (148,363; 17.5 % Hung.): - seat of Máramaros county - the most important mining district of copper-zinc-lead and non-ferrous metallurgical center in Rumania - birthplace of Márton Lendvay (1807-1858), a pioneer of the Hungarian dramatic art (memorial plaquet on his house of birth) - Gothic Szent István (St. Stephen) tower - Butchers' Tower (fortress ruins) - County Museum - buildings of the school "Schola Rivulina" that functioned between 1547-1745 - Minorite Baroque church - Town Hall (old inn) - Reformed Classicist church - Lutheran Eclectic church - mint / today Museum of Mineralogy - County Hall - National Theater - Puppet Theater - House of Culture - Art Colony (founded by Simon Hollósy in 1896) - surroundings of "Flower Mt." (Virág-hegy, Dealul Florilor): Botanical Garden - Zoo - Rumanian wooden church - "Sweet chestnut wood of Nagybánya / Baia Mare" (nature conservation area: 450 hectares) - Lake Fernezely / Firiza (leisure center)

BAIA SPRIE / FELSÕBÁNYA (11,735; 28.9 % Hung.): - mining town (gold, silver, non-ferrous minerals) - Roman Catholic Gothic-neo-Romanesque church - Catholic vicarage - Jesuit monastery - "Császi" house - Lake Bod: leisure center

SIGHETU MARMASIEI / MÁRAMAROSSZIGET (38,162; 21.1 % Hung.): - former seat of Máramaros county - Reformed church - grave (memorial) of Klára Leõvey (1821-1897), a pioneer of the Hungarian women's education - monuments of Sándor Asztalos (1923-1857) and Samu Móricz, heroes of the 1848-1849 Hungarian War of Independence - Máramaros / MaramureSMuseum - Culture center - Piarist church and monastery

CÎMPULUNG LA TISA / HOSSZÚMEZÕ (2,498; 81.9 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

NEGRESTI-OAS/ AVASFELSÕFALU (13,901; 5.8 % Hung.): former district seat - center of the Rumanian "Oas/ Avas" region - Museum of Rumanian Folk Art

ORASU NOU / AVASÚJVÁROS (2,012; 91.5 % Hung.): former district seat - historical market town of the "Oas/ Avas" region - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

12. Long tour in the Szatmár (Satu Mare) and Máramaros (Maramures) region
(390 km)

SATU MARE / SZATMÁRNÉMETI: see tour 11.

BOTIZ / BATIZ (3,263; 37.1 % Hung.): - Reformed and Orthodox churches

ODOREU / SZATMÁRUDVARI (4,537 ; 23.7 % Hung.): - Reformed church

MEDIESU AURIT / ARANYOSMEGGYES (2,721; 4.8 % Hung.): - ruins of a castle - Reformed Gothic church / with the tomb of the famous Hungarian aristocrat family Wesselényi

SEINI / SZINÉRVÁRALJA: see tour 11.

TAUSII-MAGHERAUS/ MISZTÓTFALU-MISZMOGYORÓS: see tour 11.

BAIA MARE / NAGYBÁNYA: see tour 11.

COLTAU / KOLTÓ (1,583; 71.1 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Teleki-mansion with the memorial room of the famous Hungarian poet Sándor Petõfi (1823-1849)

TÎRGU LAPUS/ MAGYARLÁPOS (6,412; 14.1 % Hung.): former district seat - historical center of the "Lápos / Lãpus" region - Reformed church

DAMACUSENI / DOMOKOS (1,017; 91.3 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

BAIUS / ERZSÉBETBÁNYA (1,935; 46.4 % Hung.): - mining settlement (rare metals)

CAVNIC / KAPNIKBÁNYA (5,778; 18.6 % Hung.): - mining town (rare metals) - "Cockscomb" (Kakastaréj, Creasta Cocosului) (geological conservation area, andezite dyke) - Gutin / Gutîi peak (1,443 meters)

SURDESTI / DIÓSHALOM (1,450; 0.1 % Hung.): - Rumanian wooden Orthodox church with the highest steeple in Europe (56 meters)

BAIA SPRIE / FELSÕBÁNYA: see tour 11.

CHIUZBAIA / KISBÁNYA (723; 0.1 % Hung.): - "Kisbánya/Chiuzbaia fossil conservation area" (important paleobotanical site, fossils found in diatomite and volcanic ash)

OCNA SUGATAG / AKNASUGATAG (1,554; 33.0 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - all-season resort of local importance (since 1858) - balneary and climatic spa with salty water - treatment center

SIGHETU MARMASIEI / MÁRAMAROSSZIGET: see tour 11.

CÎMPULUNG LA TISA / HOSSZÚMEZÕ: see tour 11.

SAPÎNSA / SZAPLONCA (3,318; 0.0 % Hung.): - all-season resort of national importance - mineral waters - rich Rumanian ethnographical traditions: "The Merry Graveyard" cemetery /colourful wooden grave-posts by S.I. PãtraSin 1935/ - cottage industry, folk costumes

PIATRA / KÖVESLÁZ, FERENCVÖLGYE (417; 41.5 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - glassworks

HUTA / FORGÓ-HUTA pass: - "Sîmbru oilor" inn - Rumanian folklore festival of Oas/ Avas region (first Sunday in May)

BIXAD / BIKSZÁDFÜRDÕ (4,710; 1.3 % Hung.): - seasonal resort of local importance - mineral water spring - Greek Catholic monastery

REMETEA OASULUI / KÕSZEGREMETE (663; 91.6 % Hung.): - Reformed church - Lake Cãlinesti / Kányaháza (recreation area)

ORASU NOU / AVASÚJVÁROS: see tour 11.

LIVADA / SÁRKÖZ: see tour 11.

TURULUNG / TÚRTEREBES (2,635; 72.1 % Hung.): - Perényi mansion - Roman Catholic church

HALMEU / HALMI (3,753; 42.2 % Hung.): former district seat - Reformed Gothic church - monumental wooden gate of György Borodi

SATU MARE / SZATMÁRNÉMETI: see tour 11.

13. Tour along the Szamos / SomeSriver (480 km)

SATU MARE / SZATMÁRNÉMETI: see tour 11.

PAULESTI / SZATMÁRPÁLFALVA (780; 41.3 % Hung.): - village museum - leisure center - Reformed church

ARDUSAT / ERDÕSZÁDA (1,762; 0.5 % Hung.): - Drégenfeld mansion - Orthodox church

PRIBILESTI / PRIBÉKFALVA (730; 0.3 % Hung.): - mansion of count Pál Teleki (1879 -1941), Hungarian geographer, politician and prime minister of Hungary

SOMCUTA MARE / NAGYSOMKÚT (3,749; 5.2 % Hung.): former district seat - center of "Kõvár / Chioar" region - Teleki mansion - Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches

BERCHEZ / MAGYARBERKESZ (654; 66.0 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

COPLEAN / KAPJON (435; 3.4 % Hung.): - Baroque Heller mansion

DEJ / DÉS (37,745; 17.0 % Hung.): - seat of the former Szolnok-Doboka / Solnoc-Dobîca and Szamos / SomeScounties - birthplace of the Hungarian dictionary writer, physician Ferenc Pápai Páriz (1649-1716), - Reformed Gothic church - Town Hall - Franciscan monastery - Town Museum

OCNA DEJULUI / DÉSAKNA (2,246; 18.5 % Hung.): - seasonal resort of local importance - chlorided, sodic mineral water - salt mine

CUZDRIOARA / KOZÁRVÁR (328,602; 22.8 % Hung.): - basement walls of a fortress from the time of the Hungarian Conquest - Teleki mansion (today Commune Council)

RETEAG / RETTEG (2,758; 18.5 % Hung.): - Reformed Gothic church - birthplace and memorial museum of I.P. Retegeanu (1853-1905), Rumanian publicist, ethnographer

URIU / FELÕR (1,342; 64.1 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed Gothic church - important Iron Age archeological site - ramparts of an earthen fort defending the borderland

COLDAU / VÁRKUDU (727; 55.4 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - ramparts of an earthen fort from the age of the great migrations - finds from the Eolithic and Bronze Age

BECLEAN / BETHLEN (10,039; 16.6 % Hung.): former district seat, today small industrial town - ancestral seat of the Hungarian aristocrat family, Bethlen - Reformed Gothic church - two Baroque Bethlen mansions

UNGURAS/ BÁLVÁNYOSVÁRALJA (2,038; 91.9 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - ruins of Bálványos castle - Reformed Romanesque-Gothic-Baroque church

NIRES/ NYÍRES (1,233; 60.1 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed Gothic church

MANASTIREA / SZENTBENEDEK (648; 4.3 % Hung.): - ruins of the Korniss castle - Orthodox / Greek Catholic/ Romanesque church

GHERLA / SZAMOSÚJVÁR (25,284; 18.3 % Hung.): former district seat - Armenian Catholic Baroque cathedral - Martinuzzi fortified palace /now prison: the gravestone of the famous highwayman of the Great Hungarian Plain, Sándor Rózsa (1813-1878) in the prison cemetery - Solomon (Armenian Catholic) Baroque church - museum - pharmacy from the 16th century

NICULA / FÜZESMIKOLA (543; 0.0 % Hung.): - famous Rumanian pilgrimage place - Orthodox / Greek Catholic/ church

SIC / SZÉK (3,189; 94.7 % Hung.): - famous Hungarian enclave with rich ethnographical traditions and small town-like settlement athmosphere - Reformed Gothic church founded by the Cistercian order - Franciscan Baroque church and monastery

BONSIDA / BONCHIDA (2,573; 22.3 % Hung.): - ruins of the Baroque-Classicist- Romantic Bánffy palace, the "Transylvanian Versailles" and its park - Reformed Gothic church

LUNA DE JOS / KENDILÓNA (828; 15.6 % Hung.): - Kendi-Teleki fortified mansion (now elderly people's home) - Reformed church

DABÎCA / DOBOKA (915; 1.5 % Hung.): - seat of the medieval Doboka county - ruins of the famous Doboka fortress

BOBÎLNA / ALPARÉT, BÁBOLNA (588; 0.0 % Hung.): - museum - Bábolna Mt.: the monument of the Hungarian peasant uprising (1437) led by Antal Budai Nagy (approach from Igrice / IgriSia village)

GÎRBAU / CSÁKIGORBÓ (765; 1.0 % Hung.): - Jósika-mansion

SURDUC / SZURDOK (1,437; 0.3 % Hung.): - favoured mansion of the "Hungarian Walter Scott", Baron Miklós Jósika (1794-1865)

GÎLGAU ALMASULUI / ALMÁSGALGÓ (963; 0.1 % Hung.): - "Dragon garden" (Sárkányok kertje, Grãdina zmeilor): nature conservation area (rich in landslide forms, forest steppe vegetation)

JIBOU / ZSIBÓ (10,198; 17.6 % Hung.): former district seat - Baroque-Classicist Wesselényi manor-house - tomb of the famous Hungarian aristocrat family Wesselényi - seasonal resort of local importance, spa - museum

SATU MARE / SZATMÁRNÉMETI: see tour 11.

14. Tour in the Bihar (Bihor) - Szatmár (Satu Mare) region (240 km)

ORADEA / NAGYVÁRAD (222,741; 33.3 % Hung.): - seat of Bihar / Bihor county, of the Roman Catholic diocese of Nagyvárad and of the Reformed church district of Királyhágómellék - birthplace of some Hungarian celebrities: Péter Pázmány (1570- 1637) archbishop, cardinal, leader of the counter-reformation /re-Catholization/, Ede Szigligeti (1814-1878) dramatist /plaque/, József Nagy-Sándor (1804-1849) martyr Hungarian general /memorial/ - Roman Catholic episcopal Baroque cathedral with relics of Szent László (St. Ladislas), the founder of the town and the diocese (1093) - Baroque Episcopal palace (currently: "Körös region/Crisana" Museum) - Baroque buildings of the "Kanonok-sor /Canon queue/" - City Museum - Baroque Parish-church of Váradolaszi - Palace of Finances / currently: polyclinic/ - Post office - Müller's candy store /currently: Ady Museum/ - statue of the famous Hungarian poet, Endre Ady (1877-1919) - neo-Classicist National Theatre - statue of Ede Szigligeti - Jesuit cloister, Greek Catholic seminary /currently: Orthodox church/ - Reformed Baroque church from Váradolaszi - residence of the bishop of the Reformed Church District of Királyhágómellék - Memorial museum and statue of the Rumanian poet Iosif Vulcan (1841-1907) - Hotel Transylvania - Hotel Dacia - Ursuliner Baroque church - Premonstratensian Baroque church - Szent László (St. Ladislas) Baroque church - Eclectic Town Hall - neo-Bizantine Greek Catholic Episcopal Palace /currently: Cultural Palace/ - County Library - Baroque-Classicist Greek Catholic Episcopal cathedral /currently: Orthodox church/ - Orthodox Baroque-neo-Classicist cathedral /"Moon-church" - Secessionist "Sas" (Eagle) palace - "Fekete Sas" (Black Eagle) Hotel - Lutheran church - Reformed church from Újváros - Moorish "Great synagogue" - Capuchin church and cloister - Fortress of Nagyvárad / Oradea / currently: army post/ - Trade Union's Culture House - market place/ currently: park/ - Rhédey garden /currently: Nicolae Bãlcescu garden: children's town, Zoo, Rhédey chapel/ - Youth park /open-air swimming-pool - Rulikovszky cemetery - Yewish cemetery - "Csiperke / Ciuperca /Mushroom" Restaurant - Pedagogical Institute

BIHARIA / BIHAR (3,072; 90.4 % Hung.): first seat of Bihar county - mounds of an earthen fort dating from the Hungarian Conquest

DIOSIG / BIHARDIÓSZEG (6,237; 55.8 % Hung.): - birthplace of the Hungarian historian László Mikecs (1917-1944) - Reformed church

CIOCAIA / CSOKALY (905; 76.1 % Hung.): - birthplace of the famous Hungarian statistician Elek Fényes (1807-1876) - Reformed church - summer resort of local importance - open-air pools fed by thermal springs

SACUIENI / SZÉKELYHÍD (7,261; 84.1 % Hung.): former district seat - Reformed and Roman Catholic churches - Studenberg manor-house - museum

MARGHITA / MARGITTA (17,162; 48.8 % Hung.): former district seat - Reformed and Roman Catholic churches - Csáky manor-house - summer resort of local importance

ALBIS/ ALBIS (1,059; 89.3 % Hung.): - birthplace of the Hungarian chemist József Irinyi (1822-1859), the inventor of the safety match, one of the leaders of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 - Reformed Gothic church - historical seat of the Hungarian noble family Zólyomy

VALEA LUI MIHAI / ÉRMIHÁLYFALVA (10,505; 85.0 % Hung.): former district seat - Hungarian-Rumanian railway border crossing - Reformed church

SIMIAN / ÉRSEMJÉN (2,638; 88.5 % Hung.): - birthplace of the famous Hungarian writer and language reformer /neologist/ Ferenc Kazinczy (1759-1831), of the leaders of the Enlightenment in Hungary - Kazinczy memorial garden - Reformed church

PISCOLT / PISKOLT (2,149; 34.7 % Hung.): - Reformed church

SAUCA / SZÕDEMETER (419; 12.4 % Hung.): - birthplace and memorial of Ferenc Kölcsey (1790-1838), the author of the Hungarian national anthem

TASNAD / TASNÁD (8,260; 46.1 % Hung.): former district seat - birthplace of Lajos Bíró (1856-1931), Hungarian zoologist, ethnographer, geographer, explorer in Papua-New Guinea - Reformed Gothic-Baroque church /on its wall L. Bíró plaque/ - manor-house /currently: Town Museum/

ADY ENDRE / ÉRMINDSZENT (175; 52.6 % Hung.): - birthplace and memorial of the famous Hungarian poet Endre Ady (1877-1919)

CAREI / NAGYKÁROLY (25,911; 53.4 % Hung.): - former seat of Szatmár county - birthplace of some Hungarian celebrities: Bible-translator Gáspár Károli (1529-1591), historian, statistician Ignác Acsády (1845-1906); writer József Gaál (1811-1866); writer Margit Kaffka (1880-1918) - Roman Catholic Baroque church - Piarist Baroque monastery - Secessionist County Hall /currently: high school/ - Károlyi fortified palace /currently: House of Culture/ - museum - piarist seminary - Reformed church - Greek Catholic (Ruthenian) church - Orthodox (Greek Catholic) Romanesque church - Lutheran church

CAPLENI / KAPLONY (3,129; 86.0 % Hung.): - old residence of the famous Hungarian aristocrat family Károlyi - family tomb of the Károlyis in the Franciscan church

MOFTINU MIC / KISMAJTÉNY (1,226; 34.3 % Hung.): - the place of the surrender of the "Kuruts" (anti-Habsburg Hungarian) Army /1 May, 1711, the end of the Hungarian War of Independence 1703-1711/

SATU MARE / SZATMÁRNÉMETI: see tour 11.

15. Tour in the Bihar (Bihor) - Szilágy (Sãlaj) - Szatmár (Satu Mare) region
(290 km)

ORADEA / NAGYVÁRAD: - see tour no.14.

SALARD / SZALÁRD (2,715; 59.0 % Hung.): former district seat - ruins of castle Adorján

MARGHITA / MARGITTA: see tour no. 14

SUPLACU DE BARCAU / BERETTYÓSZÉPLAK (2,791; 51.8 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - "Crisana" Oil Refineries

NUSFALAU / SZILÁGYNAGYFALU (3,360; 71.5 % Hung.): - Reformed Gothic church

BOGHIS/ SZILÁGYBAGOS (1,533; 78.5 % Hung.): - spa, holiday resort

SIMLEU SILVANIEI / SZILÁGYSOMLYÓ (15,233; 32.1 % Hung.): - until 1876 seat of Kraszna/ Crasna county, former district seat - ruins of the Renaissance Báthory fortified palace - Reformed and Roman Catholic churches - remains of Somlyó castle /Keselyûs Mt./

CRASNA / KRASZNA (4,401; 89.4 % Hung.): former district seat - Reformed Gothic church - home of botanist Farkas Cserey (1773-1842) - Cserey-mansion

ZALAU / ZILAH (67,977; 20.1 % Hung.): - seat of Szilágy county - County Hall - Reformed Romanesque church - County Museum - statue of the enlightened Hungarian reformer, aristocrat Miklós Wesselényi (1796-1850) - Wesselényi College - Hotel Porolissum - Roman watch-tower

MOIGRAD / MOJGRÁD (516; 0.0 % Hung.): - remains of Porolissum, one of the biggest settlements of the Roman Dacia - amphitheater

JIBOU / ZSIBÓ: see tour no. 13

CEHUL SILVANIEI / SZILÁGYCSEH (6,160; 61.3 % Hung.): former district seat - Reformed Gothic church - castle ruins

HODOD / HADAD (1,026; 84.5 % Hung.): - Wesselényi manor-house - remains of a castle - Reformed church

BOGDAND / BOGDÁND (1,272; 99.2 % Hung.): - Reformed church

ACÎS/ ÁKOS (1,822; 49.1 % Hung.): - Reformed Romanesque church

BELTIUG / KRASZNABÉLTEK (1,552; 19.3 % Hung.): - German-Rumanian-Hungarian village - spa - Roman Catholic church

ARDUD / ERDÕD (4,102; 21.8 % Hung.): former district seat - today Rumanian-Hungarian-German village - birthplace of Archbishop of Esztergom, and papal candidate Tamás Bakócz (1442-1521) - ruins of Károlyi fortified palace - Roman Catholic Gothic church - memorial plaque of Hungarian poet Sándor Petõfi (1823-1849)

VIILE SATU MARE / SZATMÁRHEGY (2,009; 72.9 % Hung.): - viticulture, wine cellars

SATU MARE / SZATMÁRNÉMETI: see tour 11.

16. Tour in the Bihar (Bihor) - Kalotaszeg - Kolozs (Cluj) region (440 km)

ORADEA / NAGYVÁRAD: - see tour no. 14

OSORHEI / FUGYIVÁSÁRHELY (2,558; 33.1 % Hung.): - Reformed Romanesque-Gothic church

TILEAGD / MEZÕTELEGD (4,040; 30.5 % Hung.): - Reformed Gothic church - mausoleum of the Telegdy family - Telegdy manor-house

UILEACU DE CRIS/ PUSZTAÚJLAK (904; 52.8 % Hung.): - Reformed church

ALESD / ÉLESD (7,609; 24.5 % Hung.): former district seat - one of the Transylvanian centers for building materials industry (firebrick, fireclay etc) - Reformed and Catholic churches - memorial of the 1904 peasants' revolt

VADU CRISULUI / RÉV (3,248; 28.3 % Hung.): - tourist center - famous Hungarian pottery - Sebes- (Rapid)Körös /Crisul Repedegorge - Zichy stalactite cave, "Tündérvár" (Fairy Castle)

PASUL CIUCEA / KIRÁLYHÁGÓ (King's pass): - border of counties Bihar / Bihor and Kolozs / Cluj and of ancient Transylvania - touristic center

CIUCEA / CSUCSA (1,396; 0.7 % Hung.): - Boncza-mansion /currently Octavian Goga museum, mementos of the famous Hungarian poet Endre Ady (1877-1919) also on display

BOLOGA / SEBESVÁR (764; 0.3 % Hung.): - ruins of the Sebes castle, border-fortress

HUEDIN / BÁNFFYHUHYAD (9,460; 32.5 % Hung.): - center of Kalotaszeg region, former district seat - Reformed church - museum

SÎNCRAIU / KALOTASZENTKIRÁLY (1,259; 84.5 % Hung.): - Reformed church - Bánffy-mansion

VALENI / MAGYARVALKÓ (455; 73.6 % Hung.): - Reformed fortified Romanesque-Gothic church

MANASTIRENI / MAGYARGYERÕMONOSTOR (780; 28.2 % Hung.): - Reformed Romanesque-Gothic church

IZVORU CRISULUI / KÖRÖSFÕ (1,013; 99.3 % Hung.): - Hungarian folk-art center - Reformed church - cemetery with wooden markers

HUEDIN / BÁNFFYHUHYAD: see above

BICALATU / MAGYARBIKAL (501; 99.6 % Hung.): - Reformed church

STANA / SZTÁNA (255; 69.4 % Hung.): - "Varjúvár" (Crow's Castle): favourite home of the Hungarian writer and architect Károly Kós (1883-1977) - Reformed church

AGHIRESU / EGERES (1,375; 14.3 % Hung.): - ruins of the Bocskay fortified palace - Reformed Gothic church: tomb of István Bocskay (1557-1606), Prince of Transylvania (1605-1606) - chalk quarry

LEGHIA / JEGENYE (609; 98.9 %): - birthplace of János Kájoni (1629-1687) Hungarian Franciscan monk and composer - Roman Catholic church - gypsum quarry

VISTEA / MAGYARVISTA (885; 97.5 % Hung.): - Hungarian folk-art center - Reformed Romanesque-Gothic church

CLUJ-NAPOCA / KOLOZSVÁR (328,602; 22.8 % Hung.): - seat of the Kolozs county - traditional cultural center of the Transylvanian Hungarians - birthplace of some Hungarian celebrities: King Mátyás Hunyadi ("Matthias Corvinus") (1440-1490), Prince of Transylvania István Bocskay (1557-1606), mathematician János Bolyai (1802-1860) - Szent Mihály (St. Michael) Gothic parish-church - mounted bronze statue of the Hungarian King Mátyás Hunyadi - Baroque Bánffy palace / currently: Museum of Fine Arts/ - Hintz-house / currently: Pharmaceutical Museum/ - Renaissance Wolphard (Kakas-Báthory-) house /currently: Somesul Restaurant/ - home of the Hungarian sculptor János Fadrusz /currently: Ursus Restaurant - Classicist City Hall - Eclectic New York Hotel /currently: Hotel Continental/ - Rhédey house - Classicist Jósika house ("Lábasház") /currently: Medical and Pharmaceutical Library of the University - Szarvas house: birthplace of Prince István Bocskay, Gáspár Heltai's printing house /currently: Teachers' Retraining Institute/ - Gothic birthplace of King Mátyás Hunyadi /currently: Ion Andreescu School of Arts/ - Franciscan Gothic-Baroque church and cloister /at the latter: conservatory - Caroline column - Kõváry house - Transylvanian History Museum - Memorial Museum of Emil Isac (1886-1954), Rumanian poet - Summer Theatre /currently: Hungarian National Theatre and Opera / - Central Park - Central Stadium - open-air swimming-pool - Central Post Office - Hotel Napoca - Citadel - Hotel Belvedere /currently: Hotel Transylvania/ - Reformed Transylvanian style church from Hidelve - Marianum - statue of Miklós Oláh /"Nicolaus Olahus"/ (1493-1568), archbishop, humanist writer - Jewish chapel - central railway station - Empire Redoute (Concert Hall) / currently: Transylvanian Ethnographic Museum / - Eclectic County Hall - Central Library of the University - Students' Cultural House - Mikó Museum and garden (currently: "Emil RacoviSa" Institute of Speleology) - statue of Count Imre Mikó (1805-1876), "The greatest Hungarian of Transylvania", minister, historian - Botanical Garden - Baroque Báthory-Apor Seminarium (Piarist monastery and college) / currently: student hostel; in its court: statue of Prince István Báthory/ - Student (Piarist) Baroque church - Biazini inn /on its wall: S. Petõfi plaque/ - Házsongárd (Central) cemetery (Transylvanian Hungarian national Pantheon, graves of: János Apáczai Csere, Sándor Farkas Bölöni, Sámuel Brassai, Miklós Jósika, Károly Kós, Imre Mikó, Albert Szenczi Molnár, Miklós Misztótfalusi Kis, János Tulogdi - Orthodox church - neo-Renaissance Babes-Bólyai University - University House - County Hall - Baroque Teleki house - Reformed College - Reformed Gothic church in Farkas (M. Kogãlniceanu) street, with the burial place of the Apafi family - copy of St. George's statue - "Tailors" (Bethlen) Bastion - Classicist Tholdalagi-Korda palace - silversmith house - Baroque-Rococo Hungarian National Theatre / currently: Rumanian National Theatre and Opera/ - Orthodox neo-Byzantine cathedral - Forest Directorate /currently: Episcopal Palace/ - Reformed Classicist church in Külmagyar street - Unitarian Eclectic College, with the statue of the encyclopedist Samuel Brassai (1800-1897) - Unitarian Baroque church - Lutheran Classicist church - Bólyai (Benkõ) house: birthplace of mathematician János Bolyai (1802-1860) - Minorite /later Greek Catholic/ church /currently: Orthodox church/ - Transylvanian Open-air Ethnographical Museum (Hója/Hoia forest) - Bükk / Fãget forest touristic spot - "Tekintõ / FînaSele Clujului Mt." (botanical nature conservation area)

CLUJ-NAPOCA-SOMESENI / KOLOZSVÁR-SZAMOSFALVA: - summer resort of local importance - Roman Catholic church with Gyerõfy-Mikola Renaissance graves - airport of Kolozsvár/Cluj-Napoca

GHEORGHIENI / GYÖRGYFALVA (1,226; 92.5 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - famous folk traditions and gardening - Roman Catholic church

CLUJ-NAPOCA-MANASTUR / KOLOZSVÁR-KOLOZSMONOSTOR: - Calvary with ruins of a Benedictan cloister, church and fortress

FLORESTI / SZÁSZFENES (3,876; 17.5 % Hung.): - remains of "the Girl's Castle" (Leányvár, Cetatea Feteascã) - Roman Catholic church - memorial column on the place of the disastrous defeat of the Transylvanian-Hungarian troops (Prince György Rákóczi II) suffered from the Turks on May 22, 1660

LUNA DE SUS / MAGYARLÓNA (2,015; 66.6 % Hung.): - Reformed Gothic church

SAVADISLA / TORDASZENTLÁSZLÓ (1,117; 94.9 % Hung.): - Reformed church - cultural house/ skanzen - iron ore mine

GILAU / GYALU (5,719; 14.8 % Hung.): former district seat - ruins of the Episcopal castle from the Middle Ages - castle park - remains of a Roman castrum

CAPUSU MARE / MAGYARKAPUS (940; 88.6 % Hung.): - famous folk-art center - Reformed church - iron ore-dressing - in: Cãpusu Mic / Magyarkiskapus: iron ore (limonite) mine

17. Tour in the Mezõség (Cîmpia Transilvaniei) and Marosszék (Mures) region (820 km)

CLUJ-NAPOCA / KOLOZSVÁR: - see tour no. 16

COJOCNA / KOLOZS (2,427; 37.1 % Hung.): - seasonal resort of local importance - salt mining town - salt water thermal bath (Lake Dörgõ)

SUATU / MAGYARSZOVÁT (1,629; 64.9 % Hung.): - Unitarian Gothic church - botanical nature conservation area (steppe flora)

CHESAU / MEZÕKESZÜ (419; 93.8 % Hung.): - Reformed church

CAMARASU / PUSZTAKAMARÁS (1,385; 15.4 % Hung.): - birthplace of the Hungarian writer András Sütõ (1927- ) - grave of writer Zsigmond Kemény (1817-1875)

SARMASU / NAGYSÁRMÁS (3,780; 44.1 % Hung.): - natural gas extraction center - former district seat

CRAIESTI / MEZÕKIRÁLYFALVA (774; 1.4 % Hung.): - Orthodox (former Greek Catholic) church

FILPISU MARE / MAGYARFÜLPÖS (857; 30.9 % Hung.): - Reformed Gothic church

BREAZA / BERESZTELKE (1,148; 55.3 % Hung.): - Bánffy fortified palace - Reformed church

VOIVODENI / VAJDASZENTIVÁNY (1,768; 63.6 % Hung.): - Reformed church - manor-house

DUMBRAVIOARA / SÁROMBERKE (1,692; 86.2 % Hung.): - Reformed church - Baroque Teleki palace - grave of count Sámuel Teleki (1845-1916), famous Hungarian traveller and explorer

GORNESTI / GERNYESZEG (1,927; 73.7 % Hung.): - birthplace of the Hungarian politician István Bethlen (1874-1946), and premier of Hungary /1921-1931/,- Baroque Teleki palace / currently: tuberculose clinic - Reformed Gothic church , with the sarcophagus of Mihály Teleki (1634-1690), Transylvanian chancellor

REGHIN / SZÁSZRÉGEN (35,004; 31.8 % Hung.): former district seat - famous musical instrument and sport articles factory - Lutheran Gothic church - Reformed church - Greek Catholic wooden church - Ethnographical Museum - Museum of Natural Sciences - "Round forest" (Kerek-erdõ) touristic spot

BRÎNCOVENESTI / MAROSVÉCS (1,735; 58.3 % Hung.): - Reformed church - Kemény palace / currently: handicapped children's house; in its park: Aladár Kuncz memorial table and the grave of the Hungarian writer János Kemény (1903-1971), founder of the "Erdélyi Helikon" Hungarian literary association - "Cherry market" folk festival (first Sunday in July)

GURGHIU / GÖRGÉNYSZENTIMRE (2,062; 17.4 % Hung.): - ruins of castle Görgény - Baroque hunting manor-house /currently: school of forestry and hunting museum/ - "Dendrology Park" and "Narcissus-meadow" (nature conservation area) - Count Sámuel Teleki's mansion

CALUGARENI / MIKHÁZA (581; 80.6 % Hung.): - famous Roman Catholic, Franciscan pilgrimage church and cloister (today hospital)

EREMITU / NYÁRÁDREMETE (1,769; 90.9 % Hung.): - Roman Catholic church - "Székely" gates

SOVATA / SZOVÁTA (8,935; 88.9 % Hung.): - all-season resort of national importance, Transylvania's most famous spa - lakes with chloride, salt water: Medve /Ursu, Mogyorós /Alunis, Fekete /Negru, Veres /Rosu, Zöld /Verde etc. - "Sovata, Alunis, Cãprioara, Brãdet, Fãget Hotels" with own treatment base - museum

GHINDARI / MAKFALVA (1,525; 96.5 % Hung.): - Reformed church - former Wesselényi school (1836) /today museum - pottery-making center - hemp processing

SÎNGEORGIU DE PADURE / ERDÕSZENTGYÖRGY (4,794; 69.4 % Hung.): former district seat - Baroque Rhédey manor-house - Reformed Gothic church: memorial plaque of the Hungarian countess Claudia Rhédey (17..-1841, grandmother of George V's wife Mary - Great Britain)

MIERCUREA NIRAJULUI / NYÁRÁDSZEREDA (3,902; 95.0 % Hung.): former district seat - Reformed Gothic church - statue of István Bocskay (1557-1606), Prince of Transylvania

ACASARI / ÁKOSFALVA (1,062; 92.9 % Hung.): - Reformed church with the cript of the Szilágyi family

CORUNCA / KORONKA (1,501; 89.2 % Hung.): - Classicist Tholdalagi manor-house and its park

TÎRGU MURES/ MAROSVÁSÁRHELY (161,216; 51.6 % Hung.): "capital" of the Székely Region, seat of Maros county - Secessionist-Eclectic City Hall and County Hall - Lechner's Hungarian Secessionist Palace (of Culture) - Rococo Tholdalagi palace / currently: museum/ - National Theatre - Apolló palace - Orthodox neo-Byzantine cathedral - Roman Catholic Baroque church and cloister - Greek house / S. Petõfi plaque/ - Teleki house - Castle - Reformed Gothic church - ruins of a Franciscan cloister ("Schola particula") - Orthodox wooden church - Memorial Column of the Székely martyrs /János Török and associates/ - Catholic College / currently: Teachers' Training College/ - statue of Sándor Körösi Csoma - Reformed and Catholic cemeteries /graves of Farkas Bolyai, János Bolyai, György Aranka, Tamás Borsos/ - Pálffy palace - County Hall of Maros-Torda / Mures-Turda county) - Reformed College /currently: Bolyai school/ - Lord Lieutenant Palace - Memorial of the two Bolyais - "Teleki Téka" (library) / Bolyai Memorial Museum, Bolyai Scientific Library/ - Medical and Pharmaceutical University - Hotel Grand, Transilvania, Harghita - "MureS/ Maros" sport and touristical center - "Cornesti / Somos - peak" /Zoo, youth-railway

CEAUSU DE CîMPIE / MEZÕCSÁVÁS (1,423; 44.1 % Hung.): - 400 years old huge wooden belfry - folk-art, wood-carving

UNGHENI / NYÁRÁDTÕ (3,731; 18.4 % Hung.): - Reformed fortified church - airport of Marosvásárhely-Tîrgu Mures

SÎNPAUL / KERELÕSZENTPÁL (1,514; 31.2 % Hung.): - Gipsy-Hungarian-Rumanian village - Baroque Heller manor-house - family cript of the Hellers ("Imola") - Roman Catholic Gothic church

IERNUT / RADNÓT (5,954; 23.2 % Hung.): - Reformed Gothic church - Baroque manor-house /currently: high-school/ - manor-house garden

LUDUS/ MAROSLUDAS (16,000; 24.5 % Hung.): - former district seat - one of Transylvania's largest thermal power plants

OZD / MAGYARÓZD (433; 95.8 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - fortified manor-house

OCNA MURES/ MAROSÚJVÁR (11,009; 15.4 % Hung.): former district seat - all-season resort of local importance - old salt mines with chlorid-salt mineral water - famous salt-mining and chemical industry center (Alkali works) - Romantic Mikó manor-house - ruins of the Reformed Romanesque church

UNIREA / FELVINC (3,924; 20.5 % Hung.): - former seat of the historical "Székely" disrict of Aranyos - Reformed fortified church - "Chamber-hill" (the place of the salt-tax office) - earthworks of "Zsidóvár (Jewish Castle)"

TURDA / TORDA (61,200; 11.6 % Hung.): seat of the historical Torda-Aranyos / Turda-ArieScounty - construction materials industry (eg. cement-works) - birthplace of some Hungarian celebrities: baron Miklós Jósika (1794-1865) writer, János Tulogdi (1891-1979) geographer - Reformed /Great/ Gothic-Baroque church of Old-Torda - Reformed vicarage of Old-Torda /S. Petõfi plaque/ - House of the Princes /currently: History Museum/ - Wesselényi house / birthplace of the famous Hungarian writer baron Miklós Jósika (1794-1865) - Reformed fortified Gothic chapel of New-Torda - Roman Catholic Gothic-Baroque church - Renaissance County Hall

TURDA-BAILE TURDA / TORDA-TORDAFÜRDÕ: - seasonal resort of local importance - thermal baths

18. Tour in the region of the Küküllõ / Tîrnava rivers (950 km)

CLUJ-NAPOCA / KOLOZSVÁR: - see tour no. 16

TURDA / TORDA: - see tour no. 17

CîMPIA TURZII / ARANYOSGYÉRES (29,307; 9.7 % Hung.): - one of Transylvania's largest metallurgical complex - Reformed fortified church

LUNA / ARANYOSLÓNA (2,482; 0.7 % Hung.): - mansion of writer Miklós Jósika (1794-1865)

UNIREA / FELVINC: - see tour no. 17

OCNA MURES/ MAROSÚJVÁR: - see tour no. 17

LOPADEA NOUA / MAGYARLAPÁD (1,132; 98.4 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

PETRISAT / MAGYARPÉTERFALVA (316; 97.8 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

BLAJ / BALÁZSFALVA (15,714; 7.6 % Hung.): - famous Rumanian cultural center - former district seat - Apafi manor-house, later Greek Catholic Episcopal Palace /currently: museum/ - Greek Catholic Episcopal Baroque Cathedral /currently: Orthodox church/ - St. Trinity Cloister - Annunciation cloister - botanical garden - "Küküllõszeg": Hungarian quarter, Reformed and Catholic churches - confluence of Little and Big Küküllõ (Tîrnava) rivers - wood-working combinate

SÎNMICLAUS/ BETHLENSZENTMIKLÓS (1,472; 66.9 % Hung.): - Renaissance-Baroque Bethlen manor-house /currently: industrial center/ - Unitarian church

SÎNTAMARIE / BOLDOGFALVA (1,265; 4.1 % Hung.): - Reformed church - Hungarian enclave

CETATEA DE BALTA / KÜKÜLLÕVÁR (2,031; 23.2 % Hung.): - seat of the medieval Küküllõ / Tîrnava county - Renaissance fortified palace /currently: champagne storing location/ - Reformed Gothic church

ADAMUS/ ÁDÁMOS (2,128; 31.6 % Hung.): - Rumanian-Hungarian-Gypsy village - Unitarian church (Gothic)

TÎRNAVENI / DICSÕSZENTMÁRTON (28,634; 20.8 % Hung.): former seat of the Little Küküllõ (Tîrnava) county - one of the largest centers of chemical industry in Transylvania - birthplace of the Hungarian writer Domokos Sipos (1892-1927) - Unitarian church - County Hall

DELENI / MAGYARSÁROS (1,244; 66.2 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - popular styled Unitarian belfry - natural gas field

GANESTI / VÁMOSGÁLFALVA (3,585; 71.9 % Hung.): - famous for wine production - place of a Hungarian victory over the Habsburg troops on January 17, 1849

IDRIFAIA / HÉDERFÁJA (733; 98.5 % Hung.): - Reformed church - Bethlen manor-house - water-mill

BAHNEA / BONYHA (1,850; 38.6 % Hung.): - Hungarian-Rumanian-Gypsy village - neo-Gothic manor-house - Reformed church

GOGAN / GOGÁNVÁRALJA (724; 71.7 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

BALAUSERI / BALAVÁSÁR (1,290; 82.4 % Hung.): - traffic junction - famous viticulture - "Dealul Viilor" Hotel

FÎNTINELE / GYULAKUTA (2,518; 97.3 % Hung.): - one of the largest thermal power plant of Transylvania - Reformed Gothic church

SÎNGEORGIU DE PADURE / ERDÕSZENTGYÖRGY : see tour no. 17

GHINDARI / MAKFALVA: see tour no. 17

SOVATA / SZOVÁTA: see tour no. 17

PRAID / PARAJD (3,801; 93.8 % Hung.): former district seat - one of the biggest traditional salt-mines in Transylvania - seasonal resort of local importance - salt gorge of Korond creek: sodic thermal baths - "Salt Rocks of Parajd /Praid" - Hotel Praid - memorial house of the Hungarian poet Lajos Áprily (1887-1967) - ethnographical museum

CORUND / KOROND (5,088; 90.9 % Hung.): - famous pottery-maker village - museum of pottery-making - "Árcsó"-bath: seasonal resort of local importance, in August pottery market - Roman Catholic and Unitarian churches - village museum - carved "Székely" gates - ruins of the legendary "Firtos" castle (Mt. Firtos)

LUPENI / FARKASLAKA (1,871; 99.3 % Hung.): - birthplace and memorial museum of the famous Hungarian writer Áron Tamási (1897-1966) - memorial, grave of Áron Tamási

ODORHEIU SECUIESC-SEICHE / SZÉKELYUVARHELY-SZEJKEFÜRDÕ: seasonal resort of local importance - grave of the famous Székely-Hungarian monograph-writer, Balázs Orbán (1830-1890) with carved Székely-gates

ODORHEIU SECUIESC / SZÉKELYUDVARHELY (39,959; 97.4 % Hung.): seat of the historical Udvarhely county - birthplace of the Hungarian graphic artist and painter Lajos Márton (1891-1953) and of politician László Rajk (1909-1949) - Eclectic County Hall - St. Michael Hill - "Áron Tamási" High School - Roman Catholic Baroque parish-church - Reformed Baroque church - "Gymnasium Bethlenianum" /Reformed College/ - Franciscan Baroque church and cloister - "Elek Benedek" Teacher Training College - remains of Fort Csonka - Town Museum - Greek Catholic church - Romanesque Jesus-Chapel - home and grave of the Hungarian poet László Tompa (1883-1964) - Tîrnava Hotel - open-air swimming-pool - "Szapulj Kati" mud-volcano

MUGENI / BÖGÖZ (1,028; 98.5 % Hung.): - Reformed Gothic church

LUTISA / AGYAGFALVA (795; 100 % Hung.): - statue of the traditional Székely-Hungarian national assemblies (eg. 1506, 1848)

PORUMBENII MARI / NAGYGALAMBFALVA (1,203; 98.6 % Hung.): - Reformed Romanesque-Gothic church

CRISTURU SECUIESC / SZÉKELYKERESZTÚR (9,500; 95.4 % Hung.): - former district seat - Roman Catholic Gothic church - Reformed church - Town Museum - statue of the Hungarian poet Sándor Petõfi (1823-1849) - Gyárfás mansion/ currently: hospital/

ALBESTI / FEHÉREGYHÁZA (3,080; 23.9 % Hung.): - Haller manor-house - war memorial of the lost battle (July 31, 1849) of the Hungarian Army against the Russians, place of the death of the Hungarian poet Sándor Petõfi - largest faience works of Rumania

SIGHISOARA / SEGESVÁR (34,537; 20.1 % Hung.): former seat of the historical Big Küküllõ (Tîrnava) county - museum-town, "the pearl of the Big Küküllõ /Tîrnava river" - one of the most important cultural centers of the Transylvanian Saxons - Castle-quarter: - Clock-tower /currently: Town History Museum/ - Gothic cloister-church - Blacksmith-tower - neo-Renaissance County Hall - Roman Catholic church - Bootmaker-tower - Tailor-tower - Furrier-tower - Torlein-gate - Butcher-tower - "Student stairway /Schülertreppe"- Lutheran Gothic fortified church - Rope-maker's-tower - cemetery chapel - Lutheran cemetery - grave of bothanist Johannes Baumgarten (1756-1843) - Tinsmith-tower - Tanner-tower - History Museum - Schuller-house - Late Gothic church of Lepers - Illustrated column - famous "Saxon school"

DANESTI / DÁNOS (2,294; 3.3 % Hung.): - Saxon fortified church

CRIS/ KERESD (687; 4.7 % Hung.): - Rumanian-German-Gypsy village - Renaissance Bethlen manor-house and its arboretum-worth park

DUMBRAVENI / ERZSÉBETVÁROS (7,203; 14.8 % Hung.): former district seat - one of the centers of the Transylvanian Armenians - Renaissance Apafi manor-house /currently: college/ - Armenian Catholic church - cloister of the Venetian Mechitarists

BIERTAN / BERETHALOM (1,563; 4.0% Hung.): former Saxon, currently Rumanian-Gypsy village - picturesque Lutheran (Saxon) fortified church

MEDIAS/ MEDGYES (63,156; 13.7 % Hung.): former district seat - one of the most important cultural centers of the Transylvanian Saxons -large industrial center - important natural gas production - Lutheran Gothic fortified church - St. Margareta church - bell-tower - old school - Rope-maker-tower - birthplace of the Saxon historian, priest Stephan Ludwig Roth (1796-1849) - Maria tower - vicarage - chaplan's house - covered stairway - Town Hall - Tailor-tower / currently: museum of the Church/ - Renaissance Schuller-house - Baroque Rosenauer house - Baroque Schuster house - Baroque-Classicist Piarist school - Hann house - S. L. Roth Memorial Museum - Franciscan Gothic church and cloister - Knife maker's bastion - Cartwrith tower - Greek Catholic /currently: Orthodox/ Baroque church - Backsmith-tower - Furrier-tower - Forkesch gate-tower - former Classicist army barracks /currently: school/ - armourer workshop /currently: Museum of the Arms/

COPSA MICA / KISKAPUS (5,332; 14.5 % Hung.): - small town with chemical industry, non-ferrous metallurgy - important natural gas production - church

TEIUS/ TÖVIS (6,206; 6.7 % Hung.): - important railway junction - Roman Catholic church founded by the medieval Hungarian statesman and governor, János Hunyadi (1407-1456) - Reformed Romanesque church - Orthodox church

ALBA IULIA / GYULAFEHÉRVÁR (65,091; 3.8 % Hung.): ancestral seat of the Fehér county - former capital of the east Hungarian state (Principality of Transylvania) of the 16th and 17th centuries - archbishopric seat of the Transylvanian Roman Catholic Church - famous Hungarian, Rumanian cultural center - fortress in Vauban-system - Roman Catholic Romanesque cathedral / sarcophaguses and graves of Hungarian governors, queens, kings, princes: János Hunyadi, László Hunyadi, János Corvin, Queen Izabella, Zsigmond János, monk György Martinuzzi Fráter, Gábor Bethlen, György Rákóczi I, András Báthory and others/ - Roman Catholic episcopal palace - library of the Roman Catholic episcopate: the "Batthyaneum" /currently: museum/ - Residence of Princes - reminescences of the County Court - Lower and Upper Charles-gate - memorial of the leaders of the Rumanian peasant revolt of 1784 /Horea, Closca and Crisan/ - Mounted statue of the Wallachian voievod Mihai Viteazul (1557-1601) - Orthodox Byzantine Cathedral - Eclectic Babilon-building /currently: Town Museum/ - Officer's Casino /currently: "Hall of the Unity" Museum, on its wall memorial plaque of the union of Transylvania with Rumania (1918) - Eclectic Bethlen Reformed College - Jesuit cloister /currently: boarding school/ - Renaissance Apor-house - Renaissance home of chancellor Miklós Bethlen - Transylvania, Apullum, Cetate hotels - summer theater - Cultural House

DEVA / DÉVA (76,207; 8.4 % Hung.): seat of county Hunyad - ancient eastern center of the Hungarian Reformation (16th century) - birthplace of Mátyás Dévai Bíró (1500-1545), Reformed preacher, "the Hungarian Luther" - ruins of Déva-castle - memorial plaque of the detention of Ferenc Dávid, Transylvania's first Unitarian bishop - Castle Hill: the ballad of Kelemen Kõmûves (nature conservation area) - Renaissance-Baroque Magna Curia (Palace of the Transylvanian Prince Gábor Bethlen /currently: County Museum, History Department) - palace garden - Cultural House - Reformed Romanesque-Gothic church - Franciscan church and cloister - County Hall - mounted statue of Decebal, Dacian king (1st century) - Sports Hall - salt bath - "Bejan / Bezsán oak-forest" (nature conservation area) - ruins of Castle Aranyi - Transylvania's largest thermal power plant (MinSia / Marosnémeti - Deva / Déva)

19. Tour around Székely Region (Székelyföld, Szeklerland) (1,820 km)

CLUJ-NAPOCA / KOLOZSVÁR: - see tour no. 16

TÎRGU MURES/ MAROSVÁSÁRHELY: - see tour no. 16

DUMBRAVIOARA / SÁROMBERKE: - see tour no. 16

GORNESTI / GERNYESZEG: - see tour no. 16

REGHIN / SZÁSZRÉGEN: - see tour no. 16

BRÎNCOVENESTI / MAROSVÉCS: - see tour no. 16

TOPLISA / MAROSHÉVÍZ (11,027; 35.2 % Hung.): former district seat - wood-working, touristical center - seasonal resort of local importance - "Bradul / Fenyõ"-baths

BORSEC / BORSZÉK (3,074; 79.7 % Hung.): - all-season resort of national importance (from 1804 onwards) - internationally recognized therapeutic valve of the 30 mineral watersprings - largest mineral water bottling station ("Apemin") of Rumania - "Kerekszék /Round Hill", travertine - ice-cave - Bear's-cave

TULGHES/ GYERGYÓTÖLGYES (3,319; 34.3 % Hung.): - Roman Catholic church - Tölgyes pass

DITRAU / DITRÓ (6,078; 97.0 % Hung.): - Roman Catholic Eclectic church - timbering

LAZAREA / SZÁRHEGY (3,564; 97.5 % Hung.): - Lázár Renaissance fortified palace (exhibition of fine arts) - Szent Antal (St. Anthony) chapel - Franciscan Baroque cloister and church - Roman Catholic Gothic fortified parish church - "Tartar"-mound (place of a victorious battle in 1716)

GHEORGHENI / GYERGYÓSZENTMIKLÓS (21,289; 88.7 % Hung.): - former district seat and the center of the Gyergyó / Giurgeu basin - birthplace of the Hungarian poet Ernõ Salamon (1912-1943) - Roman Catholic Baroque church - Armenian Catholic Baroque fortified church - Orthodox neo-Byzantine church - Baroque Town Museum - ruins of Both manor-house - arboretum - St. Anne chapel - MureSHotel - Cultural House

LACU ROSU / GYILKOS-TÓ ("Killer Lake") (101; 20.0 % Hung.): - nature conservation area - spa center - Nagy Cohárd /Suhard Mt. - Gyilkos /Killer peak, Oltárkõ /Altarstone - picturesque, 4 kilometers long Békás /Frog pass (nature conservation area)

SUSENI / GYERGYÓFELFALU (3,220; 99.6 % Hung.): - battles of 1707 against the Habsburg troops: memorial column of the devastated Katorzsa village

CIUMANI / GYERGYÓCSOMAFALVA (4,817; 99.5 % Hung.): - ethnographical museum

JOSENI / GYERGYÓALFALU (5,406; 97.5 % Hung.): - Roman Catholic Baroque church - village black smith museum (1860)

BUCIN / BUCSINTETÕ : - 1,287 meters high pass, view of the Görgényi (Gurghiului) Mountains - Mezõhavas (Saca) volcano caldera

PRAID / PARAJD: - see tour no. 18

SOVATA / SZOVÁTA: - see tour no. 17

CORUND / KOROND: - see tour no. 18

LUPENI / FARKASLAKA: - see tour no. 18

SATU MIC / KECSETKISFALUD (95; 100.0 % Hung.): - Reformed church

SIMONESTI / SIMÉNFALVA (1,071; 97.7 % Hung.): commune seat - basket-weaving

CRISTURU SECUIESC / SZÉKELYKERESZTÚR: - see tour no. 18

PORUMBENII MARI / NAGYGALAMBFALVA: - see tour no. 18

MUGENI / BÖGÖZ: - see tour no. 18

ODORHEIU SECUIESC / SZÉKELYUDVARHELY: - see tour no. 18

SATU MARE / MÁRÉFALVA (2,017; 99.9 % Hung.): - beautiful painted Székely gates

BAILE HOMOROD / HOMORÓDFÜRDÕ (73; 98.6 % Hung.): - seasonal resort of local importance - 12 mineral water springs - spa - children's camp

VLAHISA / SZENTEGYHÁZAS (7,319; 99.1 % Hung.): - metallurgical center of the Székely Region - old forge (1836) - ironworks - Roman Catholic church - "Székely-Szelters (Selteres)" holiday center, mineral water springs

HARGHITA BAI / HARGITAFÜRDÕ (324; 93.2 % Hung.): high-altitude holiday center - Hargita-peak /1,755 m/ - baths - mineral springs - two mofettas - kaoline quarry

SICULENI / MÁDÉFALVA (2,811; 94.0 % Hung.): - memorial column of the "Siculicidium" (1764): massacre by the Habsburg troops among the Székelys - Roman Catholic church

RACU / CSÍKRÁKOS (1,166; 99.5 % Hung.): - birthplace of the Hungarian historian Mihály Csere (1668-1756) - Cserei mansion - Roman Catholic fortified church - ruins of Fort Pogány

MADARAS/ CSÍKMADARAS (2,297; 99.5 % Hung.): - open-air swimming-pool - mineral water

DANESTI / CSÍKDÁNFALVA (2,403; 99.3 % Hung.): - Roman Catholic fortified church - "Dugás" mineral baths - black pottery making - center of thick woolen blanket ("cserge") making

CÎRSA / KARCFALVA (1,084; 98.8 % Hung.): - one of the most beautiful Roman Catholic fortified Gothic churches in Transylvania - "Madicsa-baths" beauty spot

SÎNDOMINIC / CSÍKSZENTDOMOKOS (6,676; 98.8 % Hung.): birthplace of the famous Hungarian Roman Catholic bishop Áron Márton (1896-1980) - Roman Catholic church - pottery making - traditional folk art - museum - Cultural House - important marble quarry

MIERCUREA CIUC / CSÍKSZEREDA (45,769; 82.8 % Hung.): - seat of the historical Csík, today Hargita /Harghita county - important industrial center for tractors, furniture, textiles, ready-made clothes - birthplace of the famous Hungarian folk-music researcher Pál Péter Domokos - Mikó fortified palace /currently: County Museum/ - County Hall - statue of the Hungarian poet Sándor Petõfi - "Áron Márton" High School - Roman Catholic Cathedral - internationally known Winter Sports Palace, skate and ice-hockey rink - Hotel Bradul - Hotel Harghita - all-season resort of regional importance - spa

MIERCUREA CIUC-SUMULEU / CSÍKSZEREDA-CSÍKSOMLYÓ: former seat of the historical Csíkszék district - Franciscan Baroque church and monastery - very famous Pentecostal festival and place of pilgrimage - Salvator, Passio and Szent Antal /St. Anthony/ chapels

DELNISA / CSÍKDELNE (593; 97.8 % Hung.): - Szent János /St.John/ Roman Catholic Gothic fortified church

FRUMOASA / CSÍKSZÉPVÍZ (1,780; 99.3 % Hung.): former district seat

LUNCA DE SUS / GYÍMESFELSÕLOK (723; 98.6 % Hung.): - a settlement of the Transylvanian Csángó-Hungarians of Gyímes (Ghimes) region - Roman Catholic church

FAGET / GYÍMESBÜKK (1,612; 72.1 % Hung.): commune seat and central settlement of the Csángós of Gyímes (Ghimes) region - Csángó Roman Catholic wooden-church - Tatros valley

GHIMES/ GYÍMES (1,279; 84.7 % Hung.): - pass of Gyímes: historical border and customs point between Hungary (Transylvania) and Rumania (Moldavia) - frontier castle - ruins of the former customs office

MIERCUREA CIUC-JIGODIN / CSÍKSZEREDA-CSÍKZSÖGÖD: - birthplace, memorial museum of the Hungarian painter Imre Nagy (1893-1976) - Franciscan church

JIGODIN BAI / ZSÖGÖDFÜRDÕ (no residents): - seasonal resort of local importance/ spa, mineral water springs - ruins of an earthen fortification

SÎNCRAIENI / CSÍKSZENTKIRÁLY (2,423; 97.9 % Hung.): - spa, mineral water springs - Roman Catholic church - Borsáros trembling bog (nature conservation area)

CIUCSÎNGEORGIU / CSÍKSZENTGYÖRGY (1,958; 99.8 % Hung.): - Roman Catholic Gothic church - spa

ARMASENI / CSÍKMÉNASÁG (726; 100.0 % Hung.): - famous architectural monument: Roman Catholic Late Gothic fortified church from the 15th century - Adorján-mansion

PLAIESII DE JOS / KÁSZONALTÍZ (493; 94.1 % Hung.): former seat of the Kászonszék district - Roman Catholic Gothic fortified church - cemetery with wooden headborded tombs, with rhymed epitaphs

BAILE TUSNAD / TUSNÁDFÜRDÕ (1,941; 93.0 % Hung.): - all-season resort of international importance - famous spa - Lake "Csukás / Ciucas/ Pike" - Hotel Ciucas, Tusnad and Olt

BIXAD / SEPSIBÜKSZÁD (1,883; 99.2 % Hung.): - ruins of Fort Vápa - ruins of Fort Sólyomkõ /Falconstone/ - mineral water springs

BAILE TUSNAD / TUSNÁDFÜRDÕ: - "Nagy-Csomád / Ciomatul Mare" volcanic crater: Lake Szent Anna /St. Ann/ holiday center - Mohos trembling bog (nature conservation area)

TURIA-BAILE BALVANYOS / TORJA-BÁLVÁNYOSFÜRDÕ: - all-season resort of national importance - holiday resort, many mineral springs - TB sanitarium - ruins of Fort "Bálványos /Idolstone" - "smelly-cave of Torja" (national conservation area) - folklore festival in July

TURIA / TORJA (3,675; 99.5 % Hung.): - birthplace of the Hungarian historian-chronicler Péter Apor (1676-1752) - Classicist Apor mansion - Reformed fortified church

TÎRGU SECUIESC / KÉZDIVÁSÁRHELY (21,304; 91.0 % Hung.): - former seat of Kézdiszék district - typical settlement of "yard-square" structure (protected, first-floor veranda - architectural monuments) - Town Hall - Town Museum - Empire Székely Military College - Reformed church - statue of the Hungarian war hero, artillery major (1849), Áron Gábor - Mózes Thuróczi house: Áron Gábor's gun foundry during the anti-Habsburg Hungarian War of Independence 1848-49 / memorial plaque/

ESTELNIC / ESZTELNEK (814; 99.6 % Hung.): - Roman Catholic fortified church - Szacsvai house

LEMNIA / LEMHÉNY (2,145; 99.3 % Hung.): - Mount Szent Mihály (St. Michael): Roman Catholic Gothic fortified church - ruins of Almás and Csomortány castles

BRESCU / BERECK (2,840; 73.6 % Hung.): - birthplace of the famous Hungarian gun-founder and artillery major Áron Gábor (1810-1849) /memorial plaque/ - Szent Miklós (St. Nicholas) church - ruins of castle of Mrs. Benetur - reminants of "Augustia" Roman settlement - Ojtozi / Oituz pass

LUNGA / NYÚJTÓD (1,608; 99.5 % Hung.): - Roman Catholic Gothic fortified church

CERNAT / CSERNÁTON (3,403; 98.7 % Hung.): - birthplace of the famous Hungarian Reformed pastor and writer Péter Bod (1712-1769) - ruins of "Ika Castle " - Transylvanian Renaissance church - folklore festival (in June) - Bernáld and Rápolthy Baroque mansions - Baroque Damokos-Dénes mansion/ currently: museum - carved Székely gates

DALNIC / DÁLNOK (1,045; 98.3 % Hung.): - birthplace, memorial plaque and statue of György Dózsa (1470-1514), leader of the great Hungarian peasant revolt 1514 - Reformed Gothic church - Székely gates - Darkó-house

MOACSA-ERESTIGHIN / MAKSAFALVA-ERESZTEVÉNY: - Reformed church - sepulcher of Áron Gábor

RECI / RÉTY (1,417; 98.2 % Hung.): - Reformed church - cemetery - Gazda mansion - "Réty / Reci Birch" (nature conservation area) - holiday center - "Water-lily" folklore festival in August

COVASNA / KOVÁSZNA (12,064; 66.3 % Hung.): former district seat - all-season resort of national importance - around 1,500 mineral water springs - remains of "Pokolsár /Hellmud" mud-volcano - Cultural House - statue of Sándor Kõrösi Csoma - Hotel Covasna and Cerbu - hospital for cardiac diseases, two children's sanitariums - "Tündérvölgy / Valea Zînelor / Fairy-valley" holiday resort

ZABALA / ZABOLA (3,555; 68.3 % Hung.): - Reformed Gothic fortified church - birthplace of the "Greatest Transylvanian Hungarian", minister, historian Count Imre Mikó (1805-1876) - Mikó manor-house and its park

CHIURUS/ CSOMAKÖRÖS (451; 99.8 % Hung.): - birthplace of the famous Hungarian orientalist, traveler and linguist Sándor Körösi Csoma (1784-1842) - Körösi Csoma memorial room /Cultural House/ - bust of Sándor Körösi Csoma - Reformed Romanesque-Baroque church

ZAGON / ZÁGON (4,092; 54.6 % Hung.): - birthplace of some Hungarian celebrities: writer Kelemen Mikes (1690-1761) and Rector of the Mikó College and Director of the National Székely Museum, Vilmos Csutak (1874-1927) - Kelemen Mikes memorial plaque - Mikes-oaks - Baroque Mikes-Szentkereszty mansion /currently: hospital/ - Reformed Baroque church

LES / LÉCFALVA (655; 92.4 % Hung.): - ruins of Fort "Székelybánja" (built 1562)

SFÎNTU-GHEORGHE / SEPSISZENTGYÖRGY (67,220; 74.4 % Hung.): seat of the historical Háromszék / Trei scaune, today Kovászna / Covasna county - Székely Mikó (Reformed) college / currently: high school - former Town Hall /currently: Hungarian National Theater - County Hall (Classicist), on its wall the plaque of the Háromszék National Defence Committee in 1848-49 - Reformed Gothic fortified church - former Székely National Museum, planned by Károly Kós / currently: County Museum - bust of the Hungarian peasant leader (1514) György Dózsa - arcaded edifice of the local branch of the National Archives - Classicist Bóra mansion - Bodoc Hotel - birthplace and Memorial Museum of the Hungarian painter Jenõ Gyárfás (1857-1925)

SFÎNTU-GHEORGHE-BAILE SUGAS/ SEPSISZENTGYÖRGY-SUGÁSFÜRDÕ: - seasonal resort of local importance, spa, mineral springs

ILIENI / ILLYEFALVA (996; 98.2 % Hung.): - Reformed fortified church - Renaissance Bornemissza mansion - Rococo Bakó mansion - Empire Séra mansion

HARMAN / SZÁSZHERMÁNY (3,749; 3.3 % Hung.): - former Saxon, today Rumanian village - Lutheran (Saxon) fortified church - bog (nature conservation area)

BRASOV / BRASSÓ (323,736; 9.7 % Hung.): - seat of Brassó / Brasov county - large industrial center - formerly one of the most important cultural center of the Transylvanian Saxons - birthplace of some Hungarian celebrities: famous luteplayer, Bálint Bakfark (1507-1576), poet Lajos Áprily (1887-1967) - City Hall / currently: History Dept. of the County Museum/ - Merchant House /currently: Carpathian Stag (Cerbul CarpaSin) Restaurant/ - Schobell House - Cultural House - St. Adormire (Orthodox) Byzantine church - "Black Lutheran Gothic church", the largest church in Transylvania - statue of the Saxon humanist scientist, religion-reformer Johannes Honterus (1498-1549) - former Honterus-school - Lutheran vicarage - Holy Trinity / Sf. Treime Orthodox church - Blacksmith-bastion /currently: National Archives - Black-tower - White-tower - Graformert-bastion - Memorial Museum of the Rumanian composer and conductor Gheorghe Dima (1847-1925) - University of Forestry - Catherine-gate - Bolgárszeg /Schei gate - Rumanian Orthodox Seminarium / currently: Andrei Saguna High School - Bolgárszeg / Schei (Brasov's old Rumanian quarter) - Eforie open-air swimming-pool - St. Nicholas Orthodox church - the first Rumanian high school (museum) - Salamon-rocks gulch, Hungarian King Salamon's (1052-1087) hermit-cavern (at present: favourite touristic spot) - Weaver-bastion / currently: History Museum of the Castle - Mount Cenk /Tîmpa (nature conservation area) - Draper's-bastion - Rope-maker's-bastion - synagogue - Jekelius house - County Hall - Postavãrul Hotel - Capitol Hotel - County Museum, Fine Arts and Ethnography Sections - City Hall - Central Post Office - Eclectic Drama Theatre - Hotel Parc - Central park - Cytadel - St. Bartholomew Gothic church - Bartholomew swimming-pool - St. Martin church /currently: museum/ - University Hill - main building of Brasov University - Hotel CarpaSi - Roman Catholic church - St. John church - central railway station - Sports Hall

BRASOV-POIANA BRASOV / BRASSÓ-BRASSÓPOJÁNA: - holiday center, ski center - Mount Postãvaru /Christian (1,799 m)

SACELE / SZECSELEVÁROS (30,226; 27.2 % Hung.): - new town containing four Csángó villages of Barcaság / Bîrsa Region (Bácsfalu, Türkös, Csernáfalu, Hosszúfalu) - electrotechnical industry "Electroprecizia" - tithe-collecting center /House of the Lords/ currently : "Hétfalu /Seven Villages Museum" of the Csángós - Mt. Nagykõhavas /Piatra Mare /Big Stone (1,843 m)

TARLUNGENI / TATRANG (3,096; 46.0 % Hung.): - Csángó village - museum

BUDILA / BODOLA (3,052; 27.9 % Hung.): - Roman Catholic church - ruins of Fort Béldy

PREJMER / PRÁZSMÁR (4,841; 4.7 % Hung.): - former Saxon, today Rumanian village - the largest Saxon Lutheran fortified church in Transylvania

CHICHIS/ KÖKÖS (1,067; 87.9 % Hung.): - Unitarian Gothic church - memorial column for the death of Áron Gábor - St. Peter-Paul Orthodox wooden church

ARCUS/ ÁRKOS (1,248; 97.9 % Hung.): - Unitarian Renaissance fortified church - neo-Baroque Szentkereszty castle

VALEA CRISULUI / SEPSIKÕRÖSPATAK (1,538; 99 % Hung.): - Kálnoky manson - ruins of a medieval castle (11th century)

BODOC / SEPSIBODOK (2,566; 97.6 % Hung.): - all-season resort of local importance - famous mineral water springs and bottling factory - Reformed Gothic fortified church - Székely gates - ruins of Kincses castle

OLTENI / OLTSZEM (608; 99.7 % Hung.): - Classicist Mikó manor-house and its park - reminants of a Roman fort

MALNASBAI / MÁLNÁSFÜRDÕ (486; 92.4 % Hung.): - all-season resort of national importance - famous bath - famous mineral water springs and bottling factory ("Siculia, Maria") - children's sanitarium

OZUNCA BAI / UZONKAFÜRDÕ (55; 100.0 % Hung.): - bathing-place, mineral water springs - eutrophized bog (nature conservation area) - "Hatod" pass (inn, mineral water spring)

BASANI / NAGYBACON (1,863; 94.3 % Hung.): - Reformed Renaissance-Baroque church - cultural house - outdoor village museum

BASANII MICI / KISBACON (557; 99.8 % Hung.): - birthplace of Elek Benedek (1859-1929), writer, story-teller, one of the pioneers of the Hungarian children's literature - Elek Benedek Memorial Museum - Reformed fortified church

BIBORSENI / BIBARCFALVA (825; 99.5 % Hung.): - seasonal resort of local importance - spa - famous mineral water springs and bottling factory - Reformed church - ruins of Fort Tiborc

BARAOLT / BARÓT (6,483; 94.5 % Hung.):former district seat, the center of Erdõvidék region - one of the largest centers of lignite mining in Transylvania - birthplace of some Hungarian celebrities: poet, Jesuit priest Dávid Baróti Szabó (1739-1818), writer Mózes Gaál (1863-1935) - museum - Roman Catholic Baroque church

VÎRGHIS/ VARGYAS (1,983; 97.1 % Hung.): - lignite mining - Renaissance-Baroque Dániel manor-house and its park - Ethnographical Museum - wood-carving, furniture painting, Székely wooden houses - Roman Catholic church - limestone gulch and stalactite cave, the most famous cavern of Székelyland

CAPENI / KÖPEC (1,213; 98.1 % Hung.): - one of Transylvania's largest, old lignite mine - Reformed Gothic church - memorial of the 1848-49 massacre by Habsburg imperial troops (andesite column)

MICLOSOARA / MIKLÓSVÁR (541; 98.0 % Hung.): - Late-Renaissance-Classicist Kálnoky manor-house and its park

AITA MARE / NAGYAJTA (960; 91.9 % Hung.): - birthplace of some Hungarian celebrities: collector of the Székely folk-poetry, Unitarian bishop János Kriza (1811-1875), natural scientist István Bara (1805-1865), historian István N. Kovács (1799-1814), - Unitarian fortified Gothic church - Donáth, Cserey mansions

AITA MEDIE / KÖZÉPAJTA (864; 90.3 % Hung.): - birthplace and grave of the Hungarian historian and bothanist József Benkõ (1784-1814)

BELIN / BÖLÖN (1,482; 85.6 % Hung.): - birthplace, statue and plaque of the Hungarian writer Sándor Bölöni Farkas (1795-1842) - Reformed fort-church - wooden-headborded tombs in the cemetery - mineral spring

HAGHIG / HÍDVÉG (1,622; 50.0 % Hung.): - birthplace of Count Imre Mikó (1805-1876), "Greatest Transylvanian Hungarian", minister, historian - Baroque Mikó manor-house and its park - Gothic Reformed fortified church

FELDIOARA / FÖLDVÁR (4,908; 7.2 % Hung.): - former Saxon, today Rumanian village - fortress - Lutheran fortified church

APASA / APÁCA (2,745; 51.1 % Hung.): - Hungarian-Rumanian-Gypsy village - birthplace of János Apáczai Csere (1625-1659), pioneer of education in Hungary

HOGHIZ / OLTHÉVÍZ (2,409; 51.3 % Hung.): - limestone quarry, large cement works - Reformed church - Unitarian church - castle - Bogat forest (nature conservation area)

RACOS/ ALSÓRÁKOS (2,590; 69.4 % Hung.): - Hungarian-Gypsy village - andesite-mine - Renaissance Bethlen manor-house - Reformed fortified church

RUPEA / KÕHALOM (5,098; 19.2 % Hung.): - former Saxon district seat - fortress - Lutheran fortified church - museum

SIGHISOARA / SEGESVÁR: - see tour no. 18

20. Tour in the Maros (Mures) - Körös (Cris) region (650 km)

ARAD / ARAD (190,114; 15.7 % Hung.): seat of Arad county - large center of railway car manufacturing, textile, machine and food industries - birthplace of some Hungarian celebrities: poet Árpád Tóth (1886-1928); writer Aladár Kuncz (1886-1931); painter Sándor Pataky (1880-1964) - neo-Renaissance City Hall - Csanád palace - neo-Classicist County Hall - Lutheran ("Red") neo-Gothic church - neo-Classicist palace of the National Bank - Hotel Astoria - Minorite Classicist church - neo-Classicist "Fehér Kereszt /White Cross" /currently: Ardealul/ Hotel - neo-Classicist National Theatre - "Vadászkürt /Hunter's horn" Hotel /currently: Cornul Vînãtorilor snack bar/ - Reformed Classicist church - Baroque statue of Nepomuk St. John - Orthodox Episcopal neo-Baroque Cathedral - old water-tower - St. Peter-Paul Serbian-Orthodox Baroque church, with the crypt of the church founder and famous Serbian politician Sava Tekelija (1761-1842) - "house with iron log" - old theatre building (first cinema in Arad) - Royal College: birthplace of the Hungarian writer Aladár Kuncz /currently: Ion Slavici high school/ - Hotel Parc - Palace of Culture (National Philharmony, County Museum, City Library) - Fortress of Arad (in Vauban-system) /currently: army barracks/ - memorial column of the 13 Hungarian martyr generals executed on October 6, 1849 - Orczy park /currently: Parcul Pãdurice/ - Railway Board-palace - central railway station - St. Simeon cloister /Museum of Religion/ - thermal baths - airport - "Csála /Ceala forest"

RADNA / MÁRIARADNA (2,435; 7.9 % Hung.): former district seat - Franciscan Baroque church - famous pilgrimage place - Franciscan Baroque cloister /currently: old people's home /

LIPOVA / LIPPA (8,829; 5.1 % Hung.): former district seat - Orthodox church - town museum - building of a Turkish bazaar

LIPOVA-BAILE LIPOVA / LIPPA-LIPPAFÜRED: - all-season resort of national importance - thermal baths, mineral springs

SOIMOS/ SÓLYMOS (795; 1.4 % Hung.): - ruins of Fort Sólymos

DEVA / DÉVA: - see tour no. 18

CRISTUR / CSERNAKERESZTÚR (1,376; 60.7 % Hung.): - descendants of Hungarian colonists from Bukovina

HUNEDOARA / VAJDAHUNYAD (78,551; 6.5 % Hung.): - the largest town of Hunyad /Hunedoara county - important metallurgical complex - internationally known, the most beautiful knight's castle in Transylvania: Gothic Castle of Vajdahunyad /Hunedoara (hall of the knights, castle chapel, Mátyás/ Matthias-loggia, museum) - late-Gothic-Renaissance Reformed church - Greek Catholic /currently: Orthodox/ church

RACASTIA / RÁKOSD (564; 53.9 % Hung.): - medieval Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

CALAN / KALÁN (10,849; 7.5 % Hung.): - metallurgical town - thermal baths - remains of "Aquae" Roman baths

STREI / ZEYKFALVA (376; 1.9 % Hung.): - Hungarian Reformed /currently: Orthodox Romanesque church

STREISÎNGEORGIU / SZTRIGYSZENTGYÖRGY (603; 29.0 % Hung.): - descendants of Hungarian colonists from Bukovina - Reformed /currently: Orthodox / Romanesque-Gothic church

SIMERIA / PISKI (11,946; 4.4 % Hung.): - traffic junction - birthplace of the Hungarian guardsman writer Ádám Barcsay (1742-1806) - place of Hungarian victory of February 9, 1849 over the Habsburgic troops

SIMERIA-BISCARIA / PISKI-DÉDÁCS: - Gyulay manor-house and famous arboretum

TURDAS/ TORDOS (513; 7.4 % Hung.): - archeological findings "Tordos / TurdaSCulture": remains of a 5,000 year old settlement

JELEDINSI / LOZSÁD (264; 64.4 % Hung.): - medieval Hungarian ethnic enclave - Reformed church

ORASTIE / SZÁSZVÁROS (24,174; 2.6 % Hung.): - former district seat - one of the most important historical Transylvanian-Rumanian cultural centers / "Palia de la Orãstie" Rumanian incunabulum from 1582/ - Reformed /Kun/ college - town museum

GEOAGIU / ALGYÓGY (3,095; 1.2 % Hung.): - Reformed Romanesque church - Kun manor-house

GEOAGIU - BAI / ALGYÓGYFÜRDÕ (627; 2.1 % Hung.): - all-season resort of national importance - Hotel Diana - remains of a Roman road

SIBOT / ALKENYÉR (1,344; 0.2 % Hung.): - memorial of the Hungarian governor (voivode) of Transylvania, Pál Kinizsi's victory over the Turks in 1479

VINSU DE JOS / ALVINC (3,029; 2.4 % Hung.): - ruins of the Martinuzzi Renaissance fortified palace - Reformed church

SEBES/ SZÁSZSEBES (23,227; 1.3 % Hung.): former district seat - traffic junction - famous viticulture - ruins of a fortress /Tailor (Deák)-bastion, Bootmaker's bastion, etc./ - Saxon Lutheran Romanesque-Gothic church - St. Jacob Gothic chapel - guild-hall - Saxon Lutheran seminary - Baroque Zápolya house /currently: museum/ - Roman Catholic church

ALBA IULIA / GYULAFEHÉRVÁR: - see tour no. 18

IGHIU / MAGYARIGEN (1,172; 1.4 % Hung.): - grave and memorial column of the Hungarian pastor and writer, important figure of the Transylvanian culture, Péter Bod (1712-1769) - Reformed Baroque church, with Péter Bod exhibition - grave of 200 Hungarian civilians killed in 1848 by Rumanian peasants

SIMERIA / PISKI: - see tour no. 18

AIUD / NAGYENYED (24,619; 17.6 % Hung.): former district seat - one of the major Hungarian centers of the Transylvanian culture - birthplace of some Hungarian celebrities: theologist Péter Alvinczi (1570-1634), Reformed bishop, writer Sándor Makkai (1890-1951), Reformed bishop, poet Károly Szász (1829-1905) - fortress - memorial marker of 700 Hungarian civilians killed in 1848 by Rumanian peasants - Reformed fortified church - Lutheran church - History Museum - Bethlen (Reformed) College: famous collection of books and manuscripts, Museum of Natural Sciences - Roman Catholic Baroque church - Orthodox neo-Byzantine church - notorious penitentiary - Mount "Õr /Guard": viticulture

CIUMBRUD / CSOMBORD (1,504; 25.9 % Hung.): - Reformed church - famous viticultural and gardening traditions

COLSESTI / TOROCKÓSZENTGYÖRGY (640; 80.0 % Hung.): - birthplace and plaque of the Hungarian encyclopedist Sámuel Brassai (1797-1897) - ruins of Fort Kolc - famous Hungarian national costume, folklore traditions - Bedellõ /Izvoarele / stalactite cave

RIMETEA / TOROCKÓ (753; 96.8 % Hung.): - Peak "Székelykõ / Székely stone" (1,128 m) - famous Hungarian national costume - Ethnography Museum - Unitarian church

MOLDOVENESTI / VÁRFALVA (1,286; 76.6 % Hung.): - ruins of Fort Fütyer

CORNESTI / SÍNFALVA (746; 59.2 % Hung.): - Unitarian church

CHEIA / MÉSZKÕ (554; 24.9 % Hung.): - Unitarian church - in the cemetery: the grave of the Hungarian Unitarian priest, writer, agitator, Ferenc Balázs (1901-1937) - Torda Gorges /Cheile Turzii/: 3 km long limestone gulch (nature conservation area) - Patkós rock - Hesdát creek - Fort Balika (caverns) - manor-house like tourist-house

MIHAI VITEAZU / SZENTMIHÁLYFALVA (4,304; 28.9 % Hung.): - Reformed and Unitarian churches - remains of a Roman road

TURDA / TORDA: - see tour no. 17

TURENI / TORDATÚR (1,022; 51.2 % Hung.): - Túr-Koppánd /Tureni-Copãceni Gorges: limestone gulch - Rákos /Racilor creek - Szent László /St. Ladislas/ fountain

CLUJ-NAPOCA / KOLOZSVÁR: - see tour no. 16

FLORESTI / SZÁSZFENES: - see tour no. 16

GILAU / GYALU: - see tour no. 16

CAPUSU MARE / NAGYKAPUS: - see tour no. 16

IZVORU CRISULUI / KÖRÖSFÕ: - see tour no. 16

HUEDIN / BÁNFFYHUHYAD: - see tour no. 16

BOLOGA / SEBESVÁR: - see tour no. 16

CIUCEA / CSUCSA: - see tour no. 16

PASUL CIUCEA / KIRÁLYHÁGÓ: - see tour no. 16

VADU CRISULUI / RÉV: - see tour no. 16

ALESD /ÉLESD: - see tour no. 16

TILEAGD / MEZÕTELEGD: - see tour no. 16

OSORHEI / FUGYIVÁSÁRHELY: - see tour no. 16

ORADEA / NAGYVÁRAD: - see tour no. 14

21. Tour in the South-Bihar (Bihor) region (250 km)

CHISINEU-CRIS/ KISJENÕ (7,156; 29.0 % Hung.): former district seat - agricultural center - Roman Catholic chuch

ZERIND / NAGYZERÉND (1,013; 90.5 % Hung.): - stagecoach station /currently: commune hall/ - Reformed church

IERMATA NEAGRA / FEKETEGYARMAT (666; 97.1 % Hung.): - Reformed church

TAMASDA / TAMÁSHIDA (1,159; 19.2 % Hung.): - Gypsy-Rumanian-Hungarian village - Romanesque steeple and the ruins of a church - Lipthay manor-house - Reformed and Orthodox churches

CIUMEGHIU / ILLYE (1,742; 1.2 % Hung.): - Rumanian-Gypsy village - castle - Reformed and Orthodox churches

GHIORAC / ERDÕGYARAK (1,922; 44.0 % Hung.): - Tisza manor-house at Csegõd /Ciugud /currently: home for handicapped children/ - Reformed church

ARPASEL / ÁRPÁD (905; 82.7 % Hung.): - Reformed church - Markovits mansion - supposed burial place of the Hungarian chief Árpád, the leader of the Hungarian Conquest (896)

SALONTA / NAGYSZALONTA (20,660; 61.1 % Hung.): former district seat - birthplace of some Hungarian celebrities: poet János Arany (1817-1882); László Lovassy (1815-1892);- "Csonkatorony /Incomplete tower" / currently: János Arany Memorial Museum - János Arany plaque at his birthplace - Reformed Classicist church - Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches

TINCA / TENKE (4,494; 21.7 % Hung.): - all-season resort of national importance, mineral water springs - birthplace of the Hungarian geographer Ferenc Fodor (1887-1962) - museum - Reformed and Orthodox churches - Hungarian enclave

BELFIR / BÉLFENYÉR (539; 81.1 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Roman Catholic church

GINTA / GYANTA (441; 84.6 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

UILEACU DE BEIUS/ BELÉNYESÚJLAK (789; 62.6 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church - gorges of the Fekete-Körös /Crisul Negru/ river

FINIS/ VÁRASFENES (1,849; 58.6 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - ruins of Fort Béla - Reformed church

TARCAIA / KÖRÖSTÁRKÁNY (1,255; 97.7 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave, famous Hungarian ethnographical traditions - Reformed church

BEIUS/ BELÉNYES (11,923; 9.6 % Hung.): former district seat - one of South-Bihar's traditional center, market-place - Town Museum - Roman Catholic, Reformed, Orthodox churches - ruins of the Romanesque Catholic church - former Greek Catholic (Samuil Vulcan) seminary - former Greek Catholic episcopal palace

SÎNMARTIN / VÁRADSZENTMÁRTON (3,856; 10.6 % Hung.): Bãile Felix / Félixfürdõ: - all-season resort of international importance, thermal baths - mud-bath, tub-bath - green-house - rheumatological sanitarium - Belvedere, Nufãr, Crisana, PoieniSa hotels

HAIEU / HÉVJÓ (844; 4.4 % Hung.): Bãile 1 Mai /Püspökfürdõ: - all-season resort of international importance, thermal baths - wave-bath - thermal water Lake Pece /PeSea and creek (nature conservation area, most famous plant: Nymphaea lotus thermalis and animals: Melanopsis parreysi, Scardinus racovitzae) - Orthodox church

ORADEA / NAGYVÁRAD: - see tour no. 14

22. Tour in the Arad region (280 km)

PECICA / PÉCSKA (11,472; 39.7 % Hung.): - commune part Magyarpécska / Rovine: - Hungarian enclave - Roman Catholic church - "Nagy Sánc /Big Mound": archeological findings

TURNU / TORNYA (1,164; 38.7 % Hung.): - Roman Catholic church

ARAD / ARAD: - see tour no. 20

LIPOVA / LIPPA: - see tour no. 20

SOIMOS/ SOLYMOS: - see tour no. 20

RADNA / MÁRIARADNA: - see tour no. 20

MINIS/ MÉNES (764; 4.5 % Hung.): - the center of the famous Arad-Hegyalja (Podgoria) wines - Viticultural Experimental Station, old wine-cellar (17th cent.) - viticiltural high-schol (1878)

GHIOROC / GYOROK (1,867; 39.7 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches

SIRIA / VILÁGOS (5,030; 4.6 % Hung.): former district seat - Rumanian-Gypsy village - birthplace of celebrities: Rumanian writer Ion Slavici (1848-1925); Rumanian politician Ion Russu-Sirianu (1864-1909) - ruins of Fort Világos /Siria - bronze statue of Antónia Bohus-Szõgyéni (1803-1890), one of the pioneers of the Hungarian women's education - the place of surrender of the Hungarian army marking the end of the Hungarian War of Independence (August 13, 1849) - neo-Classicist Bohus castle: General Görgey's capitulation plaque /currently: Ion Slavici Memorial Museum/ - Commune Hall

PÎNCOTA / PANKOTA (5,989; 13.3 % Hung.): - furniture factory, wine combinate - birthplace of the Hungarian play wright Gergely Csiki (1842-1892) - Baroque Dietrich-Sulkowsky (Scholkovsky) manor-house

INEU / BOROSJENÕ (9,942; 10.4 % Hung.): former district seat - Fort of Borosjenõ /Ineu /currently: school/ - Town Hall - statue of the Hungarian peasant leader, György Dózsa (1470-1514) - Roman Catholic church (tomb of the Hungarian martyr general Károly Leiningen) - Reformed and Orthodox churches - remains of a Turkish minaret

CHISINEU-CRIS/ KISJENÕ: - see tour no. 21

ZIMANDU NOU / ZIMÁNDÚJFALU (1,535; 63.1 % Hung.): - Secessionist manor-house /currently: seat of a large-scale farm/ and its park - Roman Catholic church

ZIMANDCUZ / ZIMÁNDKÖZ (1,202; 60.6 % Hung.): - Roman Catholic church - Park of Ötvenes /Utvinis/ (nature conservation area)

ARAD / ARAD: - see tour no. 20

23. Small tour in the Banat region (320 km)

VINGA / VINGA (4,132; 16.6 % Hung.): - Rumanian-Bulgarian-Hungarian-Gypsy village - center of the Catholic Bulgarians from Banat - famous gardening, bonbon-making - beautiful Roman Catholic neo-Gothic cathedral

MAILAT / MAJLÁTHFALVA (1,133; 95.5 % Hung.) - commune hall - Roman Catholic church - local feast: Sunday of Majláthfalva in August

TIMISOARA / TEMESVÁR (334,115; 9.5 % Hung.): historical center of Banat region, seat of Temes /TimiScounty - large industrial center - birthplace of some Hungarian celebrities: general György Klapka (1820-1892), writer and architect Károly Kós (1883-1977) - market-place /currently: Unirii sq./: Baroque architectural monument -Roman Catholic episcopal Baroque cathedral - plague memorial column (Holy Trinity statue) - spring well - Serbian Orthodox episcopal Baroque cathedral and palace - Fine Arts department of (Baroque) Banat Museum - Savoyan house - Roman Catholic episcopal Baroque palace - Lutheran church - bastions, walls of the fortress - iron-logged house - Ethnography deptartment of Banat Museum - iron-shafted house - Franciscan, later Piarist monastery /currently: Fine Arts school - ignorantine hospital and church /currently: ophthalmic clinic - Hunyadi fortified palace /currently: Banat Museum, Dept. of History and Natural Sciences - neo-Byzantine Rumanian Opera and National Theatre - Concert Hall /currently: German and Hungarian Theatre/ - "Lloyd-row" (promenade with Secessionist palaces): bronze copy of the statue of the wolf from the Capitolium in Rome - Metropolitan Orthodox neo-Byzantine cathedral of Banat (Rumania's largest Orthodox church) - statue of Rumanian poet Mihai Eminescu (1850-1889) - Piarist Secessionist cloister, high school and church /currently: Technical University, Faculty of Electronic Engineering/ - central park - Banat Hotel - Maria chapel and statue (on the presumed place of execution of peasant leader György Dózsa and his comrades) - Reformed church of Maria sq., place of breaking out of the revolution of December 1989 - Rumanian Orthodox church from Józsefváros /Iosefin /Josephtown - puppet-theater - University (modern buildings) - thermal baths - sports stadium - Central, Continental, Timisoara, Parc, Bega, Nord hotels - National Philharmony - "Vadaskert-Vadászerdõ/ Pãdurea Verde / Green Forest": beauty-spot, park forest - outdoor village museum

DUMBRAVISA / ÚJSZENTES (2,400; 53.5 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

JIMBOLIA / ZSOMBOLYA (11,830; 16.6 % Hung.): former district seat - important border crossing, traffic junction and industrial center - one of the centers of the Swabians from Banat - Roman Catholic church - museum - Anglican style Csekonics manor-house - "Jesuleum"

SÎNNICOLAU MARE / NAGYSZENTMIKLÓS (13,083; 10.6 % Hung.): former district seat - linen and hemp manufacturing - birthplace of some Hungarian celebrities: world famous composer Béla Bartók (1881-1945), poet, linguist Miklós Révay (1749-1807) - birthplace and memorial museum of Béla Bartók: Nákó manor-house - Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches - place of origin of the famous find: "Treasure from Nagyszentmiklós", dating from the time of the Hungarian Conquest (exhibited in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna) - Town Hall - Nákó hospital

BODROGU NOU / ÚJBODROG (216; 2.3 % Hung.): - "Hódos-Bodrog" Orthodox cloister

24. Long tour in the Banat region (500 km)

ARAD / ARAD: - see tour no. 20

VINGA / VINGA: - see tour no. 23

MAILAT / MAJLÁTHFALVA: - see tour no. 23

TIMISOARA / TEMESVÁR: - see tour no. 23

DUMBRAVISA / ÚJSZENTES: - see tour no. 23

BAZOSU NOU / ÚJBÁZOS (270; 0.0 % Hung.): - arboretum (nature conservation area)

RECAS/ TEMESRÉKAS (5,085; 18.3 % Hung.): former district seat - Roman Catholic church

COSTEIU / KISKASTÉLY (2,306; 1.3 % Hung.): - manor-house

SIPARI / SZAPÁRYFALVA (752; 74.5 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

BODO / NAGYBODÓFALVA (521; 89.1 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

DUMBRAVA / IGAZFALVA (955; 63.6 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

LUGOJ / LUGOS (49,742; 10.9 % Hung.): former seat of Krassó-Szörény / Caras-Severin county - second biggest city of Temes /Timis county, important industrial center (cotton, silk, furniture, bricks) - birthplace of the Transylvanian Hungarian politician Elemér Jakabffy (1881-1963) and Rumanian writers I. Popovici BãnãSeanu (1869-1893), Victor Vlad Delamarina (1870-1896) - one of the most important historical Rumanian cultural center in Transylvania - St. Nicholas tower - old Orthodox Baroque church - History and Ethnography Museum - Theatre - Greek Catholic /currently: Orthodox/ cathedral - statue of famous Rumanian philosopher and politician Eftimie Murgu (1805-1870) - open-air swimming-pool

BUZIAS/ BUZIÁSFÜRDÕ (5,682; 5.9 % Hung.): former district seat - all-season resort of national importance - thermal baths, mineral water springs - mineral water-bottling - balneological sanitarium - Park, Timis, BuziaShotels - memorial bench of the famous Hungarian politician, Ferenc Deák (1803-1876) - Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches

OTVESTI / ÖTVÖSD (279; 75.6 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Roman Catholic church

TORMAC / VÉGVÁR (1,545; 78.5 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Reformed church

GATAIA / GÁTALJA (4,044; 25.8 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - wood-working - Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches - Gorove mansion

DETA / DETTA (6,489; 21.6 % Hung.): former district seat - industrial center - Archeology Museum - Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches

CRUCENI / TORONTÁLKERESZTES (464; 76.3 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Roman Catholic church

OTELEC / ÓTELEK (823; 90.6 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Roman Catholic church

SÎNMARTINU MAGHIAR / MAGYARSZENTMÁRTON (260; 79.2 % Hung.): - Hungarian enclave - Roman Catholic church

JIMBOLIA / ZSOMBOLYA: - see tour no. 23

SÎNNICOLAU MARE / NAGYSZENTMIKLÓS: - see tour no. 23

CENAD / NAGYCSANÁD (3,991; 18.4 % Hung.): - ancient Hungarian Roman Catholic episcopal residence dating from the age of Szent István /St. Stephen/ 11th century - Roman Catholic church - sarcophagus of the martyr Hungarian bishop Szent Gellért /St. Gerard/ ( ? -1046)

Karoly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsis-Hodosi : Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin