![[Table of Contents]](../icons/toc.gif){kind=icon}
![[Previous]](../icons/back.gif){kind=icon}
![[Next]](../icons/next.gif){kind=icon}
![[HMK Home]](../icons/home.gif){kind=icon}
|
Janics: Czechoslovak Policy and the Hungarian Minority |
1. Zoltán Fábry, "A vádlott megszólal," (The accused speaks up), in Stószi déeIõttök (Forenoons at Stós), Bratislava, 1968. Supplementary note by the author of the English Version: A caveat is in order concerning the text of the quotations. For the sake of precision, it would have been desirable to check Dr. Janics's sources in the original. This, unfortunately, could not be done within the limits of the project that produced this adaptation. Almost all quotations in the English Version went through at least two translations (from Czech or Slovak into Hungarian, and then from Hungarian into English), and some even three (whenever Dr. Janics quoted from Czech or Slovak sources that had already been translated from another language). Accuracy could have suffered in the course of these multiple translations. Whenever in doubt as to correct wording, I tried to reproduce the correct sense. The English rephrasing, I trust, has never falsified the original meaning of the quoted text as a whole - S.B.
1. Cf. Emery Reves, Anatomie miru (Czech translation of "The anatomy of peace"), Prague, 1947.
2. Cf. M. Gilbert, Nuremberg Diary. Oxford University Press, 1947.
3. L. Holotik, ed., Prispevky k dejinám fasizmu V Èeskcslovensku a V Mad'arsku (Contributions to the history of Fascism in Czechoslovakia and Hungary), Bratislava, 1969, p. 178. (L. Lipscher's contribution).
4. József Sebestyén, Hod_a Milán útja (Milan Hodza's Road), Bratislava, 1938,p. 170.
5. Edgár Balogh, Hétpróba (Test of strength), Budapest, 1975, p.
158.
6. Ibid., 234.
7. Irodalmi Szemle, (Bratislava) September, 1967, p. 835.
8. Quoted by R. Freund, Chráòte Èeskoslovensko (Defend Czechoslovakia) Prague, 1938, p. 126.
9. Cf. R. W. Seton-Watson, Nové Slovensko (The New Slovakia). Prague, 1924, pp.112-118.
10. Sándor Balogh in Századok, 1970/71 , p. 196.
11. Samuel Cambel, Slovenská agrárna otázka (The agrarian question in Slovakia 1944-1948) Bratislava, 1972. (See more on this topic in the last section of this chapter and in Epilogue - S.B.)
12. Dr. Bohuslav Eèer,Norimbersky soud (The Nuremberg Tribunal), Prague, 1946, p. 155.
13. Igor Daxner, L'udáctvo pred národnym súdom (The L'udák's before the People's Court 1945-47) Bratislava, 1961, p. 142.
14. Ibid., p. 143.
15. Loránt Tilkovszky, Ju_ne S1ovensko v rokoch 193&1945 (South Slovakia in the years 1938-45), Bratislava, 1972, p. 20.
16. Loránt Tilkovszky, Revízio és nemzetiségpolitika Magyarországon, 193S-1941 (Revisionism and nationalities policy in Hungary) Budapest, l967,p. 20.
17. For the speeches delivered at the peace conference, see Chapter 4.
18. Stav a úkoly vyzkumu národnostni otázky v Èeskoslovensku (The state and tasks of investigation of the nationalities question in Czechoslovakia) 1975, p. 73. (Issued by the Silesian Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences for internal use. Contains the material of the conference held at Trinec on September23 and 24, 1974.)
19. A Wilhelmstrasse és Magyarország (Wilhemstrasse and Hungary) Budapest, 1963, p.258.
20. L. Lipscher's contribution in Holotik, op. cit., p. 177.
21. Ibid.
22. Dr. Ivan Dérer, Slovensky vyvoj a l'udácka zrada (The Slovak events and the betrayal of the L'udáks) Prague, 1946, p.249.
23. Editorial in Felvidéki Magyar Hírlap, "Tévedések és hazugságok" (Mistakes and lies), February 19, 1939, p. 7.
24. A Wilhelmstrasse és Magyarország, p. 260.
25. Cf. Loránt Tilkovszky, op. cit., p. 17.
26. Igor Daxner, op. cit., p. 52.
27. Historicky Èasopis (Bratislava), 1969/3, p.352.
28. Ibid.
29. Èas, September 18,1947.
30. Zoltán Fábry, Stószi délelõttök (Forenoons at Stósz) Bratislava, l968,p. 371.
31. Nové Slovo (Bratislava), August21, 1969.
32. Martin Vietor, Dejiny okupácie ju_ného Slovenska (The history of the occupation of South Slovakia) Bratislava, 1968, p. 348.
33. Ibid., p. 191.
34. Juraj Purgat, Od Thianonu po Kosice (From Trianon to Kosice) Bratislava, 1979, p.93.
35. Støedni a jihovychodni Evropa ve válce a V revoluci 1939-1945 (Central and Eastern Furope in the war and revolution, 1939-1945) Prague, 1969, p.444. (Essay by R. Hoffman.)
36. Kulturny _ivot (Bratislava) (Article by Zora Jesenská) January 13, 1967.
37. Vilém Preèan, Slovenské národné povstanie (The Slovak national uprising) Bratislava, 1965, p. 186.
38. Holotík, op. cit., p. 313. (Article by Juraj Fabian.)
39. Juraj Fabian, Svatostefanské tiene (Shadows of St. Stephen), Bratislava, 9166, p. 107.
40. Ferenc Z. Nagy, Ahogy en láttam (The way I saw it) Budapest, 1965,p. 157.
41. Endre Kov~cs, Magyar-lengyel kapcsolatok a két Világháboru között (Hungarian.Pohsh relations between the two wars) Budapest, 1971, p.338.
42. Zsuzsa Boros, "Német fogságból menekült francia hadifoglyok Magyarországon a masodik világháború allat" (French POW's escaped from German camps in Hungary during World War II), Történelmi Szemle (Budapest), 1973, Nos. 3-4, p. 434.
43. Tiszatáj, November 27,1975. (A review of J. R. Nowak's book.)
44. Loránt Tilkovszky,Revízio é's nemzetiségpolitika, p.75.
45. Bulletin of the State Planning and Statistical Office (Bratislava), October 1, 1946, p. 101. See also, Dr. Ján Svetoò, Slováci v Mad'arsku (Slovaks in Hungary) Bratislava, 1942, p. 59. The author states that the number of people of Slovak nationality who left voluntarily was 50,000. Thus, the number of Czechs must have been 31,000 (out of a total of 81,000).
46. Dr. Vladimir Kuna, ed., Almanach oslobodeného juhu (Almanach of the liberated South) Nitra, 1946, p. 125.
47. Tilkovszky, op. cit., p. 94.
48. Vladimír Srb, Demografická pøíruèka 1966 (Demographic handbook 1966) Prague, 1967, p.46.
49. Igor Daxner, op. cit., p. 73.
50. Ibid.
51. Vladimír Clementis, Odkazy z Londyna (Messages from London) Bratislava, 1942, p. 42.
52. In particular the following works belong to this category: Authors' Collective, Dejinná kri_ovatka (Historical crossroads) Bratislava, 1964; Juraj Zvara, A magyar nemzettségi kérdés megoldása Szlovákiában (The solution of the Hungarian nationality question in Slovakia) Bratislava, 1965; Samuel Cambel, Revoluèny rok 1945 (Revolutionary year 1945) Bratislava, 1965; Authors' Collective, Príispevky k dejinám vychodného Slovenska (Contributions to the history of Eastern Slovakia) Bratislava, 1965; Jan Jablonicky, Slovensko na prelome (Breakthrough in Slovakia) Bratislava, 1965.
53. Vietor, op. cit., in note 32; Cambel, op. cit., in note 11.
1. The initial unfriendly Western attitude toward the exiles is strongly emphasized by Czechoslovak interpretations: "The road was long from the formation of the Czechoslovak National Committee in Paris, on October 17, 1939, to its transformation into a Provisional Czechoslovak Government; it reflected the unfavorable position taken by the Western Powers toward the restoration of the Czechoslovak Repubhc." In Otáhalová-Èervinková, ed., Dokumenty z historie èeskoslovenskeji politiky 1939-1943 (Documents from the history of Czechoslovak policy) Prague, 1966, p. 10. Hereafter referred to as Dokumenty.
2. The Soviet Union was the first to recognize the London Czechoslovak government-inexile on July 18, 1941, foilowing Hitler's invasion. The recognition by the United Kingdom followed on July 30, 1941.
3. Dr. Edvard Benes, sest let V exílu (Six years in exile) Prague, 1947, p.97, (Benes's letter to his American cousin, Vojta Benes.)
4. Dokumenty, 91 -
5. István [Stephen] Borsody, A Szovjetunió és Középeurópa (The Soviet Union and Central Europe), Magyar Szemle, (Budapest) Vol. 46 (1944), p. 126. (Actualty, I first called public attention to Benes's expulsion plans in a book, Benes published in the spring of 1943-SB.)
6. Juraj Zvara, A magyar nemzetiségi kerdes megoldása Szlovákiában (The solution of the Hungarian nationality question in Slovakia), Bratislava, 1965, p.43.
7. Benes, op. cit., p. 17.
8. Ibid., p. 31.
9. Ibid.,p.53.
10. Ibid., p.62.
11. Dokumenty, p. 47.
12. Benes, op. ctt., p. 73.
13. Dr. Edvard Benes, Pamìti (Memoirs), Prague, 1947, p. 168.
14. Benes, sest let v exilu, p. 123.
15. Benes, Pamìti, p. 220: "In the second half of December 1939, the Soviet Union informed our ambassador Zd. Fierlinger that his Moscow mission had come to an end. The ambassador left for Paris, and later for London. We expected this, for even beforehand, on September 16, 1939, the Soviet Union had de facto and de jure recognized the Tiso government in Slovakia and established dipiomatic relations with it."
16. Dokumenty, p. 84.
17. Ibid., p. 143.
18. Ibid., p.101.
19. Ibid., p. 102.
20. Ibid., p. 69.
21. Benes, Pamìti, p.161.
22. Dokumenty, p. 196.
23. Ibid., p. 200. (A statement made on April 11,1940.)
24. Cf. Pál Szvatkó,A visszatért magyarok (The returned Hungarians) Budapest, 1938, p. 69.
25. Dr. Frantisek Koláèek, Zemìpis Èeskoslovenská (Geography of Czechoslovakia) Prague, 1934, p. 125. Also, Demografiká pøiøuèka (Demographic handbook) Prague, 1967, p.45.
26. Henlein-Hitler a Èeskoslovenská tragédia (Henlein-Hitler and the Czechoslovak tragedy) Prague, 1945, p. 10. (Czech translation from Swedish of A. Kalgren's book.)
27. Ibid.
28. Klement Gottwald, Desat'rokov (Ten years) Bratislava, 1950, p. 367.
29. Ibid., p. 386.
30. Národnostni kulturni politika a kulturné vychovaní práce (Ethnic cultural politics and cultural education of work) Prague, 1972, p. 35. (Text of a lecture by Karel Pomajzl.)
31. Benes, Pamìti, p.306.
32. Ibid, p. 330.
33. Dokumenty, p. 333.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., p. 387. (Notes by smutny, October 4, 1943.)
36. Benes, sest let v exílu, p. 199.
37. Juraj Purgat, Od Trianonu po Kosice (From Trianon to Kosice) Bratislava, 1970, p. 172.
38. Benes, Pamìti, p.330.
39. Ibid., p.330.
40. Ibid., p. 285.
41. Ibid., p. 403.
42. Cesta ke kvetnu (Road to May), Prague, 1965, p. 56. (Collection of documents). (Czech Communist Party memoranda regarding the negotiations with Benes in Moscow.)
43. Cesta ke kvìtnu, p. 67.
44. Cf. Samuel Cambel, Slovenská aragarná otázka (The Slovak agrarian question) Bratislava, 1972,
45. Èesra ke kvìtnu, p. 70. The Rumanian soldiers were encouraged to do the same thing in August 1944: "Fight for the liberation of our brothers in Northern Transylvania, See Støedni a juhovychodni Evropa (Central and Southeastern Europe), Prague, 1967, p. 385.
46. Vilem Preèan, Slovenské narodné povstanie (The Slovak national uprising) Bratislava, 1965, p. 141.
47. So far only once has public reference been made in Hungary to the Communist exiles in Moscow in connection with the transfer issue: In May 1946, Márton Horváth said in the Hungarian Parliament that during the war Mátyás Rákosi, on Radio Moscow, reported that the Hungarians of Slovakia will be resettled. (K. J.)
48. Klement Gottwald, op. cit., p. 343.
49. Quoted in Purgat, op. cit., p. 201.
50. Václav Kopecky's article in the July 15, 1944 issue of the Èeskoslovenské' Listy, Reprinted in Tvorha, Aprit 16, 1947.
51. Èesta ke kvìnu, p.184.
52. Ibid., p.459.
53. J. Purgat, op. cit., p. 206.
54. Ibid., p. 208.
55. Cesta ke kvìtu, p. 418.
56. Dr. Vladimír Clementis, Odkazy z Londyna (Messages from London) Bratislava, 1947, p. 191
57. Dokumenty, pp. 749-70.
58. Benes, sest let v exílu, p.255.
59. Václav Kopecky, Gottwald Moszkvában (Gottwald in Moscow) Bratislava, 1950, p.43.
60. Cesta ke kvìnu, p. 15.
61. Ibid., p. 364.
62. Ibid., p. 15.
63. Dr. Gustav Husák, Svedectvo o Slovenskom národnom povstani (Witness on the Slovak national uprising) Bratislava, 1964, p. 588.
64. Jozef Jablonícky, Slovensko na prelome (Breakthrough in Slovakia) Bratislava, 1965, p. 162.
1. ViIém Preèan, Slovenské' národné povstanie r. 1944 (The Slovak national uprising of 1944) Bratislava, 1965, p. 68.
2. Obzrory, September27, 1947, p, 580.
3. Dejinná kri_ovatka (Historical crossroads), pp. 120-21.
4. Gyula Szekfû, Forradalom után (After the revolution), Budapest, 1947, p.54.
5. Dokumenty z historie Ceskoslovenské politiky (Documents on the history of Czechoslovak politics) Prague, 1966, p. 710,
6. Ibid., p.714. Quoted below as Documenty.
7. Václav Král Osvobozeni Èeskoslovenska (The Liberation of Czechoslovakia) Prague, 1975, p. 22.
8. Dokumenty, p. 720. (Notes taken by Jaromír Smutny on August 1943)
9. Ibid., p. 721. (Letter by M. Hanák to Benes, August 10, 1943.)
10. Ibid., p. 729.
11. Preèan, op. cit., p. 66. (Letter by Viliam Radokoviæ to Benes, March 12, 1943. Radakoviæ was Secretary of the Czechoslovak Agrarian Party; he emigrated, and in 1943 became a member of the Czechoslovak State Council in London.)
12. Horthy Miklos titkos iratai (The secret papers of Miklós Horthy) Budapest, 1963, pp. 306-307. (Letter by Bárdossy to Horthy, August 26, 1941.)
13. Historicky èasopis, 1967,No. 1,p.7.
14. Dr. Bohuslav Eèer, Norimbersky soud (The Nuremberg tribunal) Prague, 1946, p. 197.
15. Preèan, op. cit., p.48.
16. Ibid., p. 87. (Benes' instructions to the non-Commumist resistance groups, September 3, 1943.)
17. Ibid,, pp. 102-103. (Letter by Benes to the srobár group, Sept. ember 15, 1943.)
18. Dr. Jozef Lettrich, 0 Slovenskei národnej rade (About the Slovak National Council), p.21.
19. Ibid., p. 14.
20. Jozef Jablonicky, Z illegality do povstania (From illegality to the uprising) Bratislava, 1969, p. 203.
21. Ibid., p. 205.
22. Preèan, op, cit., p. 243.
23. Ibid,, p. 173. (Letter from a non-Communist resistance group, March 14, 1944.)
24. Ibid., p. l-3. (Letter sent via Madrid, March 1944.)
25. Ibid., p. 248. (Report by Captain Krátky, July 22, 1944.)
26. Ibid., p. 311.
27. Anton Rasla, Civilista V armáde, p. 141. (A civilian in the army.) Bratislava, 1967. (Recollections of the years 1938.45.)
28. Preèan, op. cit., p. 262.
29. Cesta ke kvìrnu, p. 177.
30. Zoltán Vas, Hazatérés, 1944. (Homecoming, 1944) Budapest, 1970, pp.101-103.
31. Communication by Colonel Kalmán Kéry who, as the Chief of Staff of the Ffrst Army, participated in the negotiations between Bela Miklós and General Petrov and was present when General Mechlis warned the parties about the cessation of the preliminaries. (Statement by Kéry, August 23, 1974.)
32. Éva Teleki, Nyilasuralom Magyarországon (Arrow Cross rule in Hungary), Budapest, 1974, p. 50.
33. Preèan, op. cit., p.509.
34. Ignác Ölvedy, "Adalékok Horthy és a Lakatos-kormány katonapolitikájához" (Items concerning~the military policy of Horthy and of the Lakatos-cabinet), Századok 1969, No. l, p.42.
35. Gyula Juhász, "Második világháborús magyar történelmi irodalom" (Hungarian historical writing about the Second World War) Történelmi Szemle, 1973,Nos. 34, p.322.
36. VladimirMotosa, Protifasisticky odboj v Novohrade (Anti-Fascist struggle in Novohrad county) Bratislava, 1974, p. 134.
37. Ibid., p.135.
38. Ibid., pp. 160-161.
39. Cesta ke kvìnu, p. 204.
40. Ibid., p. 732.
41. Preèan, op. cit., p.468.
42. Ibid., p.524.
43. Cesta ke kvìnu, p. 255.
44. Ibid., p, 226.
45. Juraj Purgat, Od Trianonu po Kosice (From Trianon to Kosice) Bratislava, 1970, p. 218.
46. Preèan, op. cit., p.457.
47. Purgat,op.cit.,p.231.
48. Pravda, September 24,1944. Reprinted in Cesta ke kvìnu, p. 734.
49. Èeskoslovenská pracovná konferencia KSS V Kosiciach ako prínos pri tvorbe vládného programu prvej vlády Narodného frontu Èechov a Slovákov (Work conference of the Slovak Communist Party at Kosice, as a commentary on the government program of the first government of the National Front of Czechs and Slovaks), Historicky Èasopis, 1975, No. 2, p. 183.
50. Jozef Jablonicky', op, cit., p. 353.
51. Preèan,op. cit., p. 689.
52. Ibid,, p. 622.
53. Ibid., p.633.
54. Lettrich, op. cit., p. 32.
55. Preèan, op. cit., p.593.
56. Cesta ke kvìtnu, p. 268, (Speech by Marek Èulen, October 13, 1944.)
57. Preèan, op. cit., p. 734. (The decision of factory council at Podbrezová,, October 20, 1944.)
58. Ibid., p.718.
59. A. I. Puskás, Magyarorság a II, világháborúban (Hungary in the Second World War) Budapest, 1971, p.29?.
60. Dalibor M. Krno, Mad'arská cesta k demokracií (Hungary's road to democracy) Bratislava, 1946, p. 77.
61. Preèan,op.cli.,p.827.
62. According to Puská's one million Hungarian soldiers were under arms in November 1944. Piskás, op. cit., p. 320.
63. Nové Slovo, October28, 1945.
64. Slovenské národné povstani: Niemci a Slovensko (The Slovak national uprising: The Germans and Slovakia) Bratislava, 1971 (Collection of documents), p. 437. (Dr. Witiska's report to the Reich security agencies, November 28, 1944.)
65. László Zsigmong, ed., Magyarország és a második világháború (Hungary and the Second World War) Budapest, 1966, p. 434. (Notes of the Cabinet meeting, August25, 1944,)
66. Ibid., p. 443. (Notes of the Cabinet meeting, September 8.) Cf. Gyula Juhász, "Az üszkös pillanat" (The burnout moment), Új irás, 1977, No.5,
67. Benes, Nemzetek forradalma (Revolution of Nations-Hungarian translation of Benes's World War I memoirs), Vol.111, p. 299.
68. Edo Fris, Povstanie zd'aIeka a zbizka (The uprising from far and near) Bratislava, 1964, p.67.
69. Cesta ke kvìnu, p.18.
70. Gustav Husák, Svedectvo 0 Slovenskom národnom povstaní, p. 548,
71. Nové Prúdy, January 25,1948. (Article by J. Lettrich.)
72. Comunistická Strana Slovenská, Dokumenty 1944-1948 (Slovak Communist Party, Documents 1944-1948) Bratislava, 1971, p. 185. (Speech by V. Siroky at Zilina, August 11, 1945.)
1. Ladislav Szántó, Oktober a moja cesta k marxismu (October and my road to Marxism) Bratislava, 1967, p. 223.
2. Cesta ke kvetnu (Road to May), Prague, 1965, p. 475. (Collection of documents.)
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., p. 487.
5. Ibid., p.49l.
6. Samuel Cambel, Slovenská agrárna otázka 1944-1948 (The Slovak agrarian question) Bratislava, 1972, pp. 76,99.
7. Jozef Jablonicky, Slovensko na prelome (Breakthrough in Slovakia) Bratislava, 1965, p. 323.
8. Samuel Cambel, Revoluèny rok 1945 (Revolutionary year 1945) Bratislava, 1965, p. 165.
9. Cesta ke kvìnu, p. 498.
10. Pravda, April 17, 1945. (Directive, dated April 12,1945.)
11. Generálny register právnych predpisov ÈSSSR (General Catalogue of laws and ordinances of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic) Bratislava, 1973, p. 814. (Directive 44/1945 of the Slovak National Council,issued May 25,1945, regulating civil and public service.)
12. Cesta ke kvìtnu, pp. 518-20.
13. Häufler-Koröák-Krá1, Zemìpis Èeskoslovenska (Geography of Czechoslovakia) Prague, 1960, p. 236.
14. Cesta ke kvìnu, pp. 384-385.
15. Ibid., p. 383.
16. Ibid., p. 387.
17. Ibid., p. 389.
18. Prvé kroky po oslobodeni (First steps after liberation) Bratislava, 1970, p. 146. (Essay by J. Purgat.)
19. Rezsõ Szalatnai, Kisebbségben és igzaságban (In minority and on the side of truth) Budapest, 1970, p.316.
20. Ibid., p. 363.
21. Order of the Council 26/1945, dated April 7,1945. Reprinted in Cambe1,Revoluèny rok 1945, p..266
22. Ibid., p.271.
23. The text of President Benes's radio speech in Èas, May 12,1945.
24. Klement Gottwald, Desat' rokov (Ten years) Bratislava, 1950, p.378.
25. Presidential decree 5/45, issued May 19, 1945, regarding the appointment of national caretakers. Published in Konfiskace, správa a pøevod nepøátelského majetku (Confiscation, management, and transfer of enemy property) Prague, 1947, p.410.
26. Ibid., p. 6.
27. Ibid., p. 15. Presidential decree 27/45, issued July 17, 1945.
28. Dr. Jozef Lettrich, 0 slovenskej národnej rade (On the Slovak National Council), p.63. (The date of the order, July 3, 1945.)
29. Slovník lidové správy (Dictionary of people's administration) Prague, 1947, p.297. (Manual for the employees of National Committees.)
30. "While solving these burning issues, conflicts arose between Hungarian and Slovak Communists in the local organs of the Communist Party . . . Many Communists of Hungarian nationality solved the problem by moving to Hungary where they took an active part in the building of socialism." In Vladimir Motoska, Protifasisticky odboj v Novohrade (The anti-Fascist struggle in Novohrad), p. 160.
31. J. Purgat's study in Vychodné Slovensko pred februárom (Eastern Slovakia before February), Kosice, 1968, p. 104.
32. Stephen D. Kertesz, Diplomacy in a Whirlpool, Notre Dame 1953, p. 122.
33. Lettrich, op. cit., p. 29.
34. Purgat,op. cit., in note 3l,pp. 115-116.
35. Juraj Zvara, A magyar nemzetiségi kérdés megoldása Szlovákiában, p.131.
36. Jablonicky, op. cit., p. 399.
37. Prvé kroky po oslobodeni, p. 165. Purgat, op. cit., in note 18.
38. Komunistická Strana Slovenska 1944-1948 (The Communist Party of Slovakia) Bratislava, 1971, p. 287.
39. Siroky's speech, December 5, 1945, as quoted in Purgat, op. cit., p. 120.
40. Cambel, Revoluèny rok 1945, p.272.
41. Ibid., p.181.
42. Cambel, Slovenská agrárna otázka, p. 301.
43. Jablonicky, op. cit., p. 400.
44. Supplementary note: I found it necessary to expand the section on
45. Ágnes Ságvari, A magyar kül-és belpolitika nehány összefüggéséröl a népi demokratikus forradalom ikõszakában (Certain connections between between Hungarian democratic people's revolution), Századok, 1976, No. 6, pp. 1344-45. Potsdam, as well as the collusion among the communist parties. References to Benes's intervention are my own hypotheses-S.B. Cf. István [Stephen] Borsody, "Potsdam és a magyarországi németek kitelepitése'" (Potsdam and the transfer of the Germans from Hungary), Új Latóhtár (Munich), XXXII, No. 1(1981), pp. 103.106.
46. Supplementary note: My hypothesis. Cf. Václav Nosek, as quoted above, from Pravda (Bratislava), August 7, 1945. Also, see below, note 47, the Bouèek-KIimes report-S.B.
47. Report by Miroslav Bouèek and Milos Klimes in Prvé kroky po oslobodeni (First steps after liberation), pp. 28-29.
48. D. M. Krno, Mad'arska' cesta k demokracíi (Hungary's road to democracy) Bratislava, 1946, p. 37.
49. See for Hungarian reactions, Sándor Balogh, Parlamenti és pártharcok Magyarorságon, 1945-47 (Parliamentary and party struggles in Hungary, 1945.47) Budapest,1975, pp. 151-152
50. Jablonicky, op. cit., p. 398.
51. The provisions of the Presidential decree 33/45, affecting the Hungarians are as follows:
Article 1, Paragraph 1. Those Czechoslovak citizens of German or Hungarian nationality who have obtained German or Hungarian citizenship according to the prescriptions of the foreign occupation forces, have forfeited their Czechoslovak citizenship from that day. Paragraph 2. Other citizens of German or Hungarian nationality will lose their Czechoslovak citizenship the day this decree becomes effective. Paragraph 3. This decree does not apply to those Germans and Hungarians who at the time of the danger to the Republic, in the sense of the Presidential decree 16/45 of June 19, 1945, declared themselves to be Czech or Slovak. Paragraph 4. Members of the Czech, Slovak, or other Slav nations who had declared themselves German or Hungarian during the above-mentioned period, who were forced to do so under pressure in the given circumstances, are not qualified as German or Hungarian according to this decree if the Ministry of Interior approves their certificate of national reliability, issued by the pertinent County National Committee, after examination of the circumstances.
Article 2, Paragraph 1. Those persons who fall under Article 1, but who can prove that they had remained faithful to the Czechoslovak Republic, had never committed offense against the Czech or Slovak nation, and have taken an active part in the struggle for our liberation, or were persecuted by Nazi and Fascist terror, will retain their Czechoslovak citizenship. Paragraph 2. The pertinent County National Committee must receive an application to retain Czechoslovak citizenship within six months from the date when this decree takes effect.
Article 3, Paragraph 1. Those persons who have lost their citizenship in accordance with the provisions of Article 1 may request the return of their citizenship within six months from a date specified by an order of the Ministry of Interior. This request must be addressed to the pertinent County National Committee's Administrative Committee. In Slovakia the decisions are handed down by the Slovak National Council. Such applications must not be handled if the person has flouted his duties as a Czechoslovak citizen.
Article 4, Paragraph 1. For the purpose of this decree married women and minors must be judged independently. Paragraph 5. This decree becomes effective on the date of publication. It will be applied by the Minister of Interior in conjunction with the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Defense.
52. Order 99/1945 of the Slovak National Council regulated the dismissal of Hungarian public and private employees.
53. The exemption clause of the Presidential decree 108/1945 reads: 'Those able to demonstrate that they had remained faithful to the Czechoslovak Republic, have never committed offenses against the Czech or Slovak nations, and have either taken an active part in the struggle for liberation, or had suffered consequences of Nazi or Fascist terror."
54. Speech by Smidke, Èas. October 16, 1945.
55. Èas, November 1, 1945.
56. Ibid., October 24,1945.
57. Ibid., November 8, 1945.
58. J Ïuris's speech in the Provisional National Assembly, November 28, l945. Pravda, December 1, 1945.
59. Jan Masaryk, Ani opona, ani most (Neither curtain nor bridge), Prague, 1947, p. 14.
60. In January 1942, led by General Feketehalmy-Czeidner, Hungarian troops murdered more than 3,000 Serbian civilians. See Daniel Csatári, Forgószélben (In the whirlwind) Budapest, 1969, p. 441. Cf., Stephen D. Kertesz, Diplomacy in a whirlwind, p. 209.
61. Presidential decree quoted in note 25.
62. V. Jarosova and 0. Jaros, Slovenské robotnictvo v boji o moc (The struggle of the Slovak working class for power) Bratislava, 1965, p. 114.
63. Cf., Cambel, Slovenská agrárna otdzka, p. 223.
|
Janics: Czechoslovak Policy and the Hungarian Minority |