Black Spring

THE MAIN PARTICIPANTS OF THE TRAGEDY

ABRAM, Noémi: (Hungarian = H) doctor, member of the Mures County branch of MADISZ (Union of Hungarian Democratic Youth), member of the Mures County branch of the Provisional Council of National Unity.

BACULEA, Dan-Eugen: (Romanian = R) notary, for a few weeks secretary of the Mures County Council Committee of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity.

BOLBOACA, Marcel: (R) representative of the OTV Voluntary Youth Organisation and member of the Mures County branch of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity.

BOROS, Zoltán: (H) head of the Hungarian programme of Romanian Television.

CEONTEA, Radu: (R) art teacher, founding president of the extreme Romanian nationalist Vatra Romaneasca Organisation, subsequently a senator in the Romanian parliament.

CHITAC, Mihai: (R) general, Interior Minister of the Petre Roman government.

COJOCARU, Constantin: (R) general, commander of Mures County Military District member of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front

and the Provisional Council of National Unity. He was involved in giving the order to troops to fire on demonstrators on Decembcsr 21, 1989, when six people died.

CORNEA, Doina: (R) fighter for human rights, the best-known dissident of the last years of the Ceausescu regime.

CSIHA, Kálmán: (H) Calvinist dean, member of the Mures County branch of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity, subsequentlv Calvinist Bishop of Cluj.

DOMOKOS, Géza: (H) President of the RMDSZ - the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, founded at the end of December 1989 - member of the County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity, subsequently leader of the RMDSZ parliamentary group.

DUMITRU, N.S.: (R) sociologist, for a while the President of the National Salvation Front.

ENACHE, Smaranda: (R) teacher, director of the Tirgu Mures Puppet Theatre, President of the Cultural Committee of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity. For her pro-ethnic rights stand she was sacked in early 1991 from her job as theatre director for "incompetence", subsequently a member of the presidency of the Alianta Civica (Civic Alliance) party,

FLORIAN, Aurel: (R) President of the Mures County Romanian Social Democratic Party, member of, the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity.

FORMANEK, Ferenc. (H) engineer, Vice President of the Satu Mare County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity.

FÜLÖP, Dénes: (H) Calvinist parson, member of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity.

GALEA, Valer: (R) engineer, Vice-President of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity, subsequently a senator in the Romanian parliament for the National Salvation Front.

GAMBREA, Gheorghe: (R) colonel, Chief Commissioner of Mures County Police.

GAMPE, Arpád: (H) economist,

GROZAVU Mihai: (R) historian, member of the Mures County Council of the Provisional Council of National Unity and of the National Liberal Party.

HORN, Gyula: (H) Hungarian Foreign Minister. Subsequently President of the Hungarian Socialist Party and Chairman of the Foreign Policy Committee of the Hungarian Parliament.

HUNYADI, András. (H) theatre director.

IGRET, Viorel: (R) former First Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party in Mures County. In January 1990 he was detained for several weeks for involve- ment during the revolution in giving the firing order which killed 6 people, was released in unclear circumstances and subsequently worked in Arad.

ILIESCU, Ion: (R) President of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity, old Communist functionary, subsequently President of Romania.

ILLYÉS, Kinga: (H) actress, professor of the Szentgyörgyi István Acting Academy.

JAKABBFY, Attila: (H) engineer., member of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity, President of the Nationalities Conunittee.

JUDEA, Ion: (R) colonel, President of the Tirgu Mures National Salvation Front and Provisional Council of National Unity, subsequently President of Vatra Romaneasca.

JUNCU, Nicolae: (R) lawyer, member of the Mures County Council of the Provisional Council of National Unity.

KIKELI, Pál: (H) doctor, university professor, Vice-President of the Mures County branch of the RMDSZ.

KINCSES, Elôd: (H) solicitor, defence counsel for Laszlo Tôkés in his November 1989 appeal against official harassment. Vice-President of Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council for National Unity. Fled to Hungary in late March 1990, subsequently General Secretary of Budapest-

based World Union of Hungarians until August 1992. Practising lawyer in Budapest.

Király, Károly: (H) former senior member of the Romanian Communist Party, who publicly opposed the Ceausescu dictatorship as early as 1974. After December 1989, National Vice-President of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity. After the May 1990 elections senator representing the RMDSZ and the Vice-President of the Senate. Was sacked from the senate for refusing to take part in the vote on the new Romanian constitution because of its lack of minority safeguards,

KÖRMÖCZKY, Emese: (H) pharmacist,

KÖRMÖCZKY, Zoltán: (H) engineer, member of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity (husband of above).

LADARIU, Lazar: (R) journalist, editor in chief of the Tirgu Mures Romanian-language newspaper Cuvintul Liber - officially an independent newspaper, but a mouthpiece for Vatra Romaneasca propaganda.

LESTYAN, Ferenc: (H) Catholic dean. member of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity.

MAKAI, János: (H) journalist, editor in chief of the Tirgu Mures Hungarian-language newspaper Népujság.

MAN, Nistor: (R) teacher, member of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity, president of the Educational Committee,

MARCU, Traian: (R) representative of the ODT Youth Democratic Organisation, member of the Mures County branch of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity.

MARKÓ, Bé1a. (H) poet, editor in chief of the Hungarian-language literary Magazine Látó, member of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity, subsequently a senator in the Romanian parliament.

MIHALY, József. (H) technician, President of the Mures County branch of the Hungarian Smallholders' Party in Romania.

MANZATU, Ion: (R) university professor, National Vice President of the Provisional Council of National Unity,

PALFALVY, Attila: (H) engineer, university professor, briefly Deputy Education Minister of the Roman govermnent. When Romanian extremists started demonstrating against measures to restore Hungarian German, etc., schools, he was sacked. After protests by the RMDSZ, he became deputy minister in an industrial ministry.

PAPP, László: (H) Calvinist Bishop of Oradea, collaborator of the Ceauqescu regime,

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who after the fall of the regime fled to France to escape the anger of his flock over his persecuting pastor Tôkés László.

POP, Dumitru: (R) accountant, Vice President of Vatra Romaneasca, member of the Mures County Council of the Provisional Council of National Unity, subsequently a deputy.

RADESCU, Vlad: (R) actor, member of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity.

ROMAN, Petre: (R) Romanian Prime Minister who fell following the second violent invasion of Bucharest by the miners in 1991, subsequently an opponent of President Iliescu and leader of National Salvation Front faction campaigning for swifter economic reform.

RUSU, Sabin: (R) veterinarian, President of the Mures County branch of the Union of Former Political Prisoners, member of the Mures County Council of the Provisional Council of National Unity.

SCRIECIU, loan: (R) general of the reserve, First Vice-President of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity.

SIN, Mihal: (R) writer, editor of the Romanian-language literary periodical, Vatra (No connection to Vatra Romaneasca), member of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity.

STANCULESCU, Victor: (R) general, Vice Defence Minister of the Ceausescu regime, Defence Minister in the Petre Roman government.

SUTÔ, András. (H) the most popular Hungarian writer in Romania, Herder literature Prize-winner, a leader of the RMDSZ, badly injured in anti-Hungarian violence on March 19,1990,

SZABÓ, György: (H) teacher, Vice President of the Mures County RMDSZ.

THEIL, Peter: (German) teacher, director of the Joseph Haltrich Lyceum in Sighisoara, member of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity, fled to Germany in June 1990.

TIRNAVEANU, Emil: (R) engineer, Vice President of the Tirgu Mures branch of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity, subsequently President of the Mures County branch of the Alianta Civica.

TÔKÉS, András: (H) teacher of physics, member of the Mures County Council of the National Salvation Front, deputy county schools inspector.

TÔKÉS, László: (H) former Calvinist parson in Timisoara, who publicly opposed the Ceausescu dictatorship. The actions of local Hungarian, Romanian, German and Serb demonstrators trying to defend him led to the revolution of Timisoara and to the downfall of the Ceausescu dictatorship, subsequently Honorary President of the RMDSZ and Calvinist Bishop of Oradea (brother of above).

TIRA, Vasile: (R) major, former political officer, member of the the Mures County

Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity, secretary of Vatra Romaneasca, planned assaults on Hungarian leaders, subsequently promoted to lieutenant-colonel,

VERESTÓY, Attila: (H) member of the Country Council of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity, subsequently an RMDSZ senator.

VOICAN VOICULESCU, Gelu: (R) geologist, National Vice-President of the National Salvation Front, the main organiser of the Ceuausescu trial, subsequently a senator for the Front.

WESSELY, Tibor: (H) teacher, Vice-President of Tirgu Mures branch of the National Salvation Front and the Provisional Council of National Unity.

ZOLCSAK, Sándor: (H) painter, RMDSZ President of Tirgu Mures.

Black Spring