A Case Study on Trianon

Adatci, Baron
Japanese representative in the Council of the League of Nations. Rapporteur on minority questions.

Ady, Endre (1877-1919)
Hungarian poet and journalist.

Agoston, Peter (1874-1925)
Socialist publicist, state secretary for internal affairs during the Karolyi regime. 1919, and Assistant Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the Hungarian Soviet Republic.

Alexander 1(1884-1934)
Regent. 1918-1921, then King of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 1921-1929. King of Yugoslavia, 1929-1934.

Allize, Henry (1860-1930)
Head of the French military mission in Vienna, 1918-1919.

Amendola, Giovanni (1886-1926)
Italian publicist and politician. Cabinet minister in the Nitti, Bonomi and Facta governments, 1919-1921.

Alpari, Gyula (1882-1944)
Hungarian communist leader and an associate of Bela Kun.

Angyal, David (1857-1943)
Liberal historian, representative of the Positivist School in interwar Hungary.

Antonescu, Ion (1882-1946)
Romanian chief of state and dictator.

Antonescu, Victor
Romanian envoy to France, 1919.

Apathy, Istvan (1863-1922)
Biologist, political leader of the Hungarians in Transylvania and briefly commissioner of Transylvania during the Karolyi regime, December, 1918.

Apponyi, Albert Count (1846-1933)
Politician and statesman. Minister of Education, 1906-1910, and 1917-1918. President of the Hungarian peace delegation. Chief representative of Hungary to the League of Nations, 1923-1931.

Aprily, Labs (1887-1967)
Poet, translator.

Asquith, Herbert Henry (1852-1928)
Prime minister of Great Britain, 1908-1916.

Athelstan-Johnston, Wilfred (1876-1939)
British Acting High Commissioner and Charge' d'Affaires in Hungary, 1920-1921.

Avarescu, Alexandru (1859-1938)
Military officer, three-time Minister President of Romania.

Babes, Victor (1854-1924)
Scientist and educator; the Romanian Babes University in Cluj was named after him.

Babits, Mihaly (1883-1941)
Hungarian poet, an editor of the progressive journal Nyugat (West).

Bajcsy-Zsilinszky, Endre (1886-1944)
Publicist and politician, leader of the Hungarian anti-fascist resistance.

Balazs, Bela (1884-1949)
Poet, dramatist, and film theorist.

Balfour, Arthur J. (1848-1930)
British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1916-1919.

Bartha, Albert (1877-1960)
Minister of War in the Karolyi cabinet, November 9, 1918-December 12, 1918.

Bartok, Bela (1881-1945)
Hungarian composer and ethnographer.

Batthyany, Tivadar Count (1859-1931)
Politician, Minister of Interior of the Karolyi government, 1918.

Bauer, Otto (1882-1938)
Socialist theoretician and politician, leader of the II. International and of the Austrian Social Democratic Party. Minister of Foreign Affairs, November 1918-July 1919.

Benard, Agost (1880- )
Christian-Socialist politician. Minister of Welfare, 1920-1921. Signatory to the Trianon Peace Treaty.

Benedek, Elek (1859-1929)
Hungarian writer, publicist.

Benedict XV (1854-1922)
Pope, 1914-1922.

Benes, Eduard (1884-1948)
Foreign Minister, later President of Czechoslovakia.

Berinkey, Denes (1871-1948)
Minister of Justice in the Karolyi cabinet (1918); Prime Minister, January 11, 1919-March 21, 1919.

Berthelot, Henri-Mathias (1861-1931)
French general, reorganized the Romanian army in 1917; commander of the Allied forces in Romania and Southern Russia, 1918-1919.

Berthelot, Philippe (1866-1934)
Secretary-General, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1920-1921, and 1925-1932.

Bethlen, Istvan Count (1874-1947)
Member of Hungarian peace delegation, 1920; Prime Minister of Hungary, 1921-1931.

Beveridge, William H. (1879-1963)
Secretary of British Ministry of Food, 1919.

Blaho, Pave1 (1867-1927)
Slovak deputy in the Hungarian parliament, later deputy in the Czechoslovak parliament.

Bleyer, Jakob (1874-1933)
Literary historian and university professor. Leader of the German minorities in Hungary. Minister of nationalities in various cabinets from August 1919-December 1920.

Bliss, Tasker Howard (1853-1930)
Soldier, scholar, diplomat; American military representative on the Supreme War Council.

Blum, Leon (1872-1950)
French socialist and premier, 1936-1937, 1938.

Bohm, Vilmos (1880-1948)
Socialist leader, Minister of War of the Berinkey Government, Commissar of War of the Kun regime.

Bolgar, Elek (1883-1955)
Lawyer and historian. Ambassador to Austria during the Hungarian Soviet Republic, then a member of the Foreign Affairs Commissariat.

Boloni, Gyorgy (1882-1959)
Hungarian writer and critic.

Bolyai, Janos (1802-1860)
One of the founders of non-Euclidian geometry; the Hungarian Bolyai University in Cluj was named after him (since 1953, Babes-Bolyai University).

Bonitz, Frantz (1868-1936)
Head of the press bureau of the prime minister, 1920. Leader of the German nationalities in Hungary.

Borah, William Edgar (1865-1940)
U.S. Senator, 1907-1940; Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 1924-1940.

Borghese, Livio Prince
Italian diplomat and representative in Budapest, March to June, 1919.

Brandsch, Rudolf
Transylvanian Saxon leader in Hungary, later in Romania.

Bratianu, Ioan I.C. (1864-1927)
Romanian political leader, head of the National Liberal Party.

Briand, Aristide (1862-1032)
French Prime Minister, 1021-1922, 1025-1926; Foreign Minister, 1921-1922, 1925-1930.

Brown, Philip Marshall (1875-1966)
Professor of International Law, 1915-1920, Princeton University; a member of the Coolidge mission in Vienna.

Burrows, Ronald M. (1867-1920)
British scholar, co-editor of The New Europe.

Cambon, Paul (1843-1024)
French diplomat, ambassador to London, 1898-1920.

Carol II (1893-1953)
King of Romania, 1930-1940.

Ceausescu, Nicolae (b. 1918)
Communist party Secretary of Romania since 1965. President of Romania.

Cecil, Lord Edgar A. (1864-1960)
British Assistant Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1918-1919.

Charles (1887-1922)
Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, 1916-1918.

Charles-Roux, Francois (1879-1961)
Counsellor, French Embassy, Rome, 1916-1925.

Charmant, Oszkar (1860-1925)
Attorney of the Karolyi family. Representative of the Karolyi government in Vienna, 1918-1919.

Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer (1874-1965)
British politician and statesman. Minister of Munitions, July 1917; Secretary of War, January 1919-1921.

Claude, Jr., Inis L. (b. 1922)
American scholar, author.

Clemenceau, Georges (1841-1929)
French politician and statesman; Prime Minister and Minister of War (1917-1920); President of the Paris Peace Conference, 1919.

Clement-Simon, Gustave (1833-1937)
French diplomat, Minister plenipotentiary in Prague in 1918 and in Belgrade in 1921.

Clerk, George R. (1874-1951)
Head of Allied Mission in Hungary, 1919.

Coanda, General Constantin
Premier of Romania.

Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea (1809-1933)
Romanian political leader of the Iron Guard.

Cook, Joseph (1860-1947)
Australian Minister for the Navy, 1917-1920.

Coolidge, Archibald Cary (1866-1928)
American scholar, member of the American delegation to the Peace Conference, 1919.

Couget, Joseph
French Minister to Czechoslovakia, 1920-1926.

Crowe, Eyre (1864-1925)
Assistant Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1912-1920.

Csaky, Imre Count (1882-1961)
Austro-Hungarian diplomat; Head of the Political Department of Karolyi's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1918-1919; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1920.

Csaky, Istvan Count (1894-1941)
Secretary of the Hungarian peace delegation, 1920.

Csernoch, Janos (1852-1927)
Cardinal of Esztergom, 1913-1927; Primate of Hungary, 1914-1927.

Csuday, lend (1852-1938)
Catholic priest, historian, follower of the National Romantic School.

Cunninghame, Thomas Montgomery, Sir (1877- )
Head of the British Military Mission in Vienna, 1918-1919.

Curzon, Lord George N. (1859-1925)
British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1919-1924.

Cuza, A. C. (1857-1940)
Romanian politician; head of the League of National Christian Defense.

Czernin, Ottokar Count (1872-1932)
Austro-Hungarian ambassador to Bucharest, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1916-1918.

Dami, Aldo (b. 1898)
Swiss historian, expert on minority affairs.

Daniel, Arnold (1878-1968)
Radical, sociologist, economist.

Dawson, Coningsby (1883-1959)
American economist.

Deak, Ferenc (1803-1876)
Hungarian statesman, framer of the Compromise of 1867.

Derby, Earl of (1865-1948)
British Ambassador to France, 1918-1920.

Derain, Raoul
French major, head of the Interallied Military Commission in Pecs, 1919.

Deshanel, Paul (1855-1922)
President of the French Republic, January-September, 1920.

Diner-Denes, Jozsef (1857-1937)
Socialist publicist, journalist and critic.

Dobrovits, Peter
Painter; President of the stillborn Baranya Republic.

Domanovszky, Sandor (1877-1955)
Historian, university professor, representative of the Hungarian Kulturgeschichte School of interwar Hungary.

Draskovic, Milorad (1873-1921)
Yugoslav statesman, Minister of Interior, 1920.

Drasche-Lazar, Alfred (1875-1949)
Head of the Prime Ministry's news bureau, 1914-1918; government official during the Karolyi regime, 1918-1919. Special envoy and minister; signatory to the Treaty of Trianon.

Duczynska, Ilona (1897-1978)
Left-wing socialist and radical publicist/historian.

Dula, Matus (1846-1926)
Slovak nationalist politician, in 1918 the President of the Slovak National Council.

Erdelyi, Ioan
Leader of the Romanians in pre-war Hungary; member of the Romanian National Committee.

Erdelyi, Laszlo (1868-1947)
A historian-priest of the Benedictine Order, medievalist a the University of Szeged.

Foldessy, Gyula (1874-1964)
Literary critic and historian.

Foch, Ferdinand (1851-1929)
French marshal, chief of the French General Staff, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied forces, 1918.

Fouchet, Maurice
French High Commissioner in Hungary, 1920-1921.

Fraknoi, Vilmos (Wilhelm)
Historian, titular bishop of the Catholic Church, and early representative of the Positivist School in Hungary.

Franchet d'Esperey, Louis Felix (1856-1942)
General, later Marshal of France; commander of the Allied Army of the Orient, 1918-1919.

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke (1863-1914)
Heir to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia, June 28, 1914.

Freeman, Edward August (1832-1892)
British historian, representative of the political-historical orientation.

Friedl, Richard
Comintern delegate from Pecs.

Friedrich, Istvan (1883-1959)
Hungarian politician. Prime Minister, 1919; Minister of War, 1919-1920.

Fulep, Lajos (1885-1970)
Philosopher, art historian, esthete. Lived in Italy, 1907-1914. Because of Italian contacts, was sent on diplomatic missions to Fiume by Count Mihaly Karolyi, 1918-1919.

Furstenberg, Egon von
German Minister in Budapest.

Garami, Erno (1876-1935)
Editor and moderate socialist leader.

Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe (1908-1965)
Romanian Communist Party secretary, 1944-1965; Prime Minister, 1954-1955; Head of State, 1961-1965.

Gjorgjevic, Djoka
Colonel in the Yugoslav army.

Glatz, Ferenc (b. 1941)
Historian, head of the Historiographical Section of the institute of History, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Goldis, Vasile (1861-1934)
Romanian political leader from Arad.

Gombos, Gyula (1886-1936)
Prime Minister of Hungary, 1932-1936.

Gomori, Jeno (1890-1968)
Poet and editor.

Goode, William (1875-1944)
British representative on the Supreme Economic Council at the Paris Peace Conference.

Gosset, F. W. (1876-1931)
British colonel, head of the Inter-Allied Military Commission in Pecs, 1921.

Gottwald, Klement (1896-1953)
Czech communist politician; leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, 1919-1923; third president of Czechoslovakia, 1948-1953.

Gower, Sir Robert (1880-1953)
Member of the House of Commons, jurist and author.

Gramsci, Antonio (1891-1937)
Italian communist activist and thinker.

Gratz, Gusztav (1875-1946)
Hungarian statesman and historian.

Grazioli, Francesca Saverio (1869-1951)
Italian general, commander of the Inter-Allied troops occupying Fiume, 1919.

Grey, Sir Edward (1862-1933)
British statesman; Foreign Secretary, 1905-1916.

Groza, Petru (1884-1958)
Founder of the Ploughmen's Front and Prime Minister of Romania between 1945-1952; also President of the Presidium of the Grand National Assembly, 1952-1958.

Gundisch, Guido
A leader of the German nationalities in Hungary.

Hajdu, Gyula (1886-1973)
Lawyer, leader of the Pecs labor movement.

Hajnal, Istvan (1898-1956)
Historian, university professor and the originator of a new sociological-technological orientation in Hungarian historiography.

Halmos, Karoly
Hungarian lawyer.

Hatvany, Lajos (1880-1961)
Writer and critic, Ady scholar; in 1918 a member of the Hungarian National Council and an envoy to the Belgrade armistice negotiations.

Hay, Gyula (1900-1975)
Marxist dramatist.

Hennocque, Edmond
French General.

Herczeg, Ferenc (1863-1954)
Writer, journalist, politician; President of the Revisionist League.

Hertling. Georg (Friedrich), Graf von (1843-1919)
Conservative German statesman and thinker; German Chancellor, November 1917-September 1918.

Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945)
German Chancellor, 1933, and dictator of the Nazi state, 1934-1945.

Hlinka, Andrej (1864-1938)
Slovak Roman Catholic priest and nationalities leader, following the Trianon treaty, demanded autonomous rights for the Slovaks in Czechoslovakia.

Hock, Janos (1859-1936)
Catholic priest, President of the Hungarian National Council, 1918-1919.

Hodinka, Antal (1865-1946)
Historian and a significant Slavic specialist at the University of Pecs.

Hodza, Milan (1878-1944)
Slovak politician in pre-war Hungary, Czecho-Slovak representative in Hungary, December 1918; Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, 1936-1938.

Hohler, Thomas B. (1871-1946)
British High Commissioner in Budapest, 1919-1920; Minister, 1921-1924.

Holub, Jozsef (1885-1962)
Constitutional historian at the University of Pecs and one of the younger representatives of interwar Hungarian positivism.

Homan, Balint (1885-1952)
Medievalist, Hungarian Minister of Culture; later became involved in rightist politics.

Hoover, Herbert Clark (1874-1964)
U.S. President, 1929-1932; active in international food relief organizations following the armistices of 1918.

Horthy, Miklos (1868-1957)
Regent of Hungary, 1920-1944.

Horvat, Istvan (1785-1846)
Self-taught literary scholar and historian in the period of Hungarian Romanticism and national revival.

Horvath, Jeno (1881-1950)
Diplomatic historian, studied the origins and results of World War I.

House, Colonel Edward Mandell (1853-1938)
Leader of the Inquiry, a close advisor of President Wilson.

Huszar, Karoly (1882-1941)
Politician, Minister of Education and Religion in the Friedrich cabinets, August 1919-November 1919; Prime Minister, November 1919-March 1920.

Huber, Johannes
German nationalities leader in Hungary.

Husak, Gustav (b. 1913)
Slovak communist politician, the seventh president of Czechoslovakia, 1975-

Ignotus (Veigelsberg), Hugo (1869-1949)
Literary critic, poet; one of the founders of the journal Nyugat (West).

Illes, Gyula (b. 1902)
Poet, dramatist, essayist.

Inverforth, Lord (1865-1955)
British Minister of Munitions (1919-1921).

Imredy, Bela (1831-1946)
Pro-fascist politician; Prime Minister of Hungary, 1938-1939.

Ionescu, Take (1858-1922)
Romanian Foreign Minister, 1920-1921.

Ivanyi, Bela (1878-1964)
Constitutional historian at the University of Debrecen and later at the University of Szeged.

Janics, Kalman (b. 1913)
Hungarian medical doctor and sociologist in Czechoslovakia.

Janousek, Antonin (1877-1941)
Czech communist, head of the short-lived Slovak Soviet Republic.

Jaszi, Oszkar (1857-1957)
Sociologist, political writer, and Minister of Nationalities in the Karoly cabinet, 1918.

Jaures, Jean (1858-1914)
French socialist leader and historian.

Joffre, Joseph (1852-1931)
French marshal, Commander-in-Chief of the French forces, 1914-1916.

Jokai, Mor (1825-1904)
Hungarian romantic writer.

Joseph August, Archduke (1872-1962)
(Jozsef Habsburg) Homo regius of King Charles in Hungary, October 1918; reclaimed this title in August 1919 and appointed the Friedrich

government. Resigned from his position on Entente pressure on August 25, 1919. Was active supporter of the Horthy regime.

Juriga, Ferdis (1874- )
Catholic priest, Slovak deputy in the Hungarian parliament, later in the Czechoslovak parliament.

Kallay, Miklos (1887-1967)
Conservative politician: Minister of Agriculture in the Gombos government, 1932-1935; Prime Minister, 1942-1944.

Kalmar, Heinrich (1873-1937)
Socialist leader in Pozsony and editor of Westungarische Volksstimme. State Secretary in the German Nationalities Ministry during the Karolyi regime; Commissar of German Affairs during the Soviet Republic.

Kanya, Kalman (1869-1945)
Politician and diplomat. Permanent Foreign Secretary, 1920-1925.

Karacsonyi, Janos (1858-1929)
Medievalist and church historian; titular bishop of the Catholic Church in Hungary.

Karolyi, Gyula Count (1886-1947)
Conservative politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1930-1931; Prime Minister, 1931-1932.

Karolyi, Mihaly Count (1875-1955)
Hungarian politician and statesman, leader of the October Revolution (1918).

Kassak, Lajos (1887-1967)
Poet and artist, leader of the Hungarian avant-garde.

Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1955)
Economist and philosopher, principal representative of the Treasury on the British Delegation at Paris; Member of the Supreme Economic Council.

Kiraly, Karoly (b. 1931)
Former member of the Romanian Communist Party Central Committee and Vice President of the Hungarian Nationality Council in Romania.

Klebelsberg, Kuno Count (1875-1932)
Hungarian politician and government official, 1914-1930.

Klofac, Vaclav (1886-1942)
Pre-World War I leader of the Czech National Social Party, Czechoslovakia's first Minister of National Defense and leader of the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party.

Kodaly, Zoltan (1882-1967)
Composer, pedagogue.

Koranyi, Frigyes Baron (1869-1935)
Hungarian economist and Finance Minister, 1919-1920.

Kos, Karoly (1883-1977)
Poet, writer, architect and painter.

Kosik, Gustav
American Slovak working for Czechoslovak independence.

Kossuth, Ferenc (1841-1914)
Son of Lajos Kossuth. Returned to Hungary in 1894, following father's death, and became a leader of the opposition Independence Party.

Kossuth, Lajos (1802-1894)
Leader of the 1848-1849 Hungarian Revolution.

Kosztolanyi, Dezso (1885-1936)
Poet, writer, publicist.

Kozma, Miklos (1884-1941)
Hungarian counter-revolutionary politician; head of MTI, the Hungarian news agency; Minister of Interior, 1935-1937; Commissioner of Sub-Carpathia, 1940-1941.

Kramar, Karel (1860-1937)
Czech politician, first prime minister of Czechoslovakia, 1918-1920.

Kun, Bela (1886-1939)
Leader of the Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919).

Kuncz, Aladar (1886-1931)
Writer, publisher. Following World War I, cultural leader of the Hungarians in Romania.

Kunfi, Zsigmond (1879-1029)
Socialist leader and political writer; member of the governments of Karolyi and Kun regimes (1918-1910).

Kuznetz, Simon (b. 1901)
Russian born American economist; Nobel Memorial Prize winner in 1971.

Lang, Boldizsar Baron (1877-1943)
Chief of military cabinet to Miklos Horthy, 1920.

Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice Lord (1845-1927)
British statesman; minister without portfolio in the Asquith government, 1915-1916.

Lansing, Robert (1868-1928)
American politician, Secretary of State of President Wilson, 1915-1920.

Landler, Jeno (1875-1928)
Left-wing socialist, later communist; leader of communist opposition to Bela Kun.

Laroche, Jules (1873-
Assistant Political Director, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Leeper, Alexander W.A. (1887-1935)
Member of the British Delegation at the Paris Peace Conference.

Lefevre-Pontalis, Hubert
French Minister to Austria, 1020-1924.

Lengyel, Jozsef (1896-1975)
Writer, poet.

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924)
Russian communist revolutionary.

Lesznai, Anna (1885-1966)
Poet and artist, wife of Oszkar Jaszi, 1913-1920.

Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865)
President of the United States, 1860-1865.

Linder, Bela (1856-1962)
Lt. Colonel, Staff officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army; briefly Minister of Defense in the Karoly cabinet and Mayor of Serb-occupied Pecs, 1920-1921.

Lloyd George, David (1863-1945)
British Prime Minister, 1916-1922.

Lobit, Paul-Joseph-Jean-Hector de,
French general, Commander of the Allied "Army of Hungary," March, 1919.

Loucheur, Louis (1872-1931)
French Minister of Reconstruction, 1919-1920; Minister of Liberated Territory, 1921-1922.

Lovaszy, Marton (1864-1927)
Politician and journalist; member of the Karolyi cabinet.

Ludendorff, Erich von (1865-1937)
Chief of Staff of the 8th army in 1914, adjutant to Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg. Commander of German land force, 1916-1918.

Lukacs, Gyorgy (1885-1971)
Marxist philosopher and literary critic.

Mackensen, August von (1849-1945)
German general, commander of the German forces in Romania, 1917-1918.

Macartney, Carlile Aylmer (1895-1978)
British historian of the Danubian region, a critic of the Treaty of Trianon.

Makkai, Sandor (1890-1951)
Calvinist bishop of Transylvania; college professor and writer. Active in the Romanian Senate for minorities rights. Left Romania in 1936.

Malyusz, Elemer (b. 1898)
Medievalist and founder of the Hungarian Ethnohistory School.

Mandelstam, Andrei (1869-1949)
Jurist, author, director of the Department of Legal Affairs of the Foreign Ministry of Imperial Russia.

Maniu, Iuliu (1873-1953)
Politician, before 1918 a member of the Hungarian Parliament; leader of the Romanian National Peasant Party and Minister President of Romania, 1928-1930, and 1932-1933.

Marczali, Henrik (1856-1940)
The best known Hungarian historian of the Positivist School.

Marghiloman. Alexandru (1854-1925)
Conservative premier of Romania, 1918.

Masaryk, Tomas Garrigue (1850-1937)
Chief founder and first President of Czechoslovakia

Mayr, Michael (1864-1922)
Austrian Chancellor, 1920-1921.

Medvecky, Karol Anton (1875-1937)
Catholic priest, secretary of the Slovak National Council, labor member of the Slovak provisional government and a deputy in the Czechoslovak parliament.

Menczer, Bela (b. 1902)
Writer and historian.

Mesko, Zoltan (1883-1963)
Right-wing politician, parliamentary deputy and participant in the Arrow Cross movement. Founder and leader of the Hungarian National Socialist Party in 1933.

Milojevic, Milan
Yugoslav diplomat.

Mikes, Kelemen (1680-1761)
Writer, advisor and companion to Ferenc Rakoczi II in his Turkish exile.

Mikszath, Kalman (1847-1910)
Hungarian writer.

Millerand, Alexandre (1859-1943)
French Prime Minister, 1920; President of France, 1920-1924; President of the Council of Ambassadors of the Peace Conference.

Miskolczy, Gyula (1892-1961)
Hungarian historian, one of the younger exponents of the Geistesgeschichte School, and a specialist in Croatian affairs.

Miskolczy, Istvan (1881-1937)
A Catholic historian-priest, member of the Piarist Order in Hungary.

Moricz, Zsigmond (1879-1942)
Hungarian writer and publicist.

Mussolini, Benito (1883-1945)
Italian fascist dictator, 1922-1943.

Namier, Lewis B. (1888-1960)
Temporary Clerk in the Foreign Office (1918-1920); during the war, member of the Intelligence Bureau and the P.I.D.

Napoleon, Bonaparte (1796-1821)
French Emperor.

Nemeth, Andor (1891-1953)
Writer, critic, editor.

Nemeth, Laszlo (1901-1975)
Hungarian novelist, dramatist and essayist.

Nendtvich, Andor
Mayor of Pecs.

Newton, Lord Thomas Wodehouse Legh (1857-1942)
British statesman.

Nicolson, Harold G. (1886-1968)
British diplomat and author; Secretary in the Foreign Office, 1918-1920.

Nincic, Momcilo (1876-1949)
Foreign Minister of Yugoslavia, 1921-1926.

Nitti, Francesco Saverio (1868-1953)
Italian liberal politician; Prime Minister, 1919-1920.

Nivelle, Robert Georges (1856-1924)
French general; Commander in Chief of the French forces in the North and North-east, 1916-1917.

Northcliffe, Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, 1st Viscount (1865-1922)
British newspaper publisher and founder of popular modern journalism. Director of the Department of Enemy Propaganda during World War I.

Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele (1860-1952)
Italian statesman; Prime Minister, 1917-1919.

Osusky, Stefan (1889-1973)
Slovak supporter of Tomas G. Masaryk during World War I. Secretary General of the Czecho-Slovak delegation at the Paris Peace Conference. Later, Ambassador to France.

Padarewski, Igancy (1860-1941)
Polish Prime Minister, 1919-1921.

Palacky, Frantisek (1798-1876)
Czech historian; a leader of the Czech national awakening.

Palmerston, Henry John Temple Lord (1784-1865)
British statesman; Foreign Secretary, 1830-1841, 1846-185].; Home Secretary and Prime Minister, 1852-1855.

Paleologue, Maurice (1859-1944)
Secretary-General; French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1920.

Paloczi-Horvath, Adam (1760-1820)
Poet and a self-proclaimed "historian" of the early Romantic period in Hungary.

Panafieu, Hector de
French Minister to Poland, 1919.

Pasic, Nikola (1846-1926)
Yugoslav statesman.

Paul-Boncour, Joseph (1873~1972)
Socialist labor leader and politician; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1933 and 1938.

Pelle, Maurice (1863-1924)
French general, commander of the French military mission. in Czechoslovakia, 1919-1920.

Petofi, Sandor (1823-1849)
Poet and social radical; killed in the 1848-1849 Revolution.

Piccione, Luigi
Italian general, commander of the Czechoslovak forces occupying Slovakia in 1919.

Pilsudski, Jozef (1867-1935)
Polish soldier and statesman.

Polacsi, Janos
Teacher, union leader and Socialist Party activist in Pecs. Expelled from the party in November, 1920, for favoring Yugoslav annexation of the county of Baranya.

Polanyi, Karl (1886-1964)
First president of the Galileo Circle; Radical Party member; later world-famous economic historian.

Pichon, Stephen (1857-1933)
Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Clemenceau cabinet.

Poincare, Raymond (1860-1934)
President of France, 1914-1920 and Prime Minister, 1922-1924.

Popovici, Aurel C. (1863-1917)
Romanian nationalities leader and publicist in Hungary.

Popovics, Sandor (1862-1935)
Financier, Governor of the Austrian-Hungarian Bank, 1909-1919; Minister of Finance, February 1918-October 1918; Financial specialist of the Hungarian Peace Delegation in Neuilly, 1920.

Presan, General Constantin
Commander in Chief of the Romanian army in Hungary, 1919.

Radic, Stepan (1871-1928)
Croatian political leader.

Raffay, Sandor (1866-1947)
Protestant bishop and theologian.

Rajic, Svetozar
Serb administrator.

Rakoczi, Ferenc II (1676-1735)
Prince of Transylvania and leader of the unsuccessful Hungarian War of Liberation, 1703-1711.

Rakosi, Jeno (1842-1929)
Writer, publicist and nationalist politician; active proponent of magyarization.

Rakosi, Matyas (1892-1971)
A commissar of the Kun regime; a prisoner of the Horthy regime during the interwar years; Stalinist dictator after World War II.

Rakovskii, Khristian (1873-1941)
Comintern leader; Bulgarian by birth, Romanian by nationality; Soviet ambassador designate to Hungary, 1918; ambassador to England, to France in the 1920's.

Remenyik, Sandor (1890-1941)
Hungarian poet, editor of a literary journal.

Renner, Karl (1870-1950)
Socialist politician; first Chancellor of the Republic of Austria.

Revai, Jozsef (1898-1959)
Hungarian writer and communist party theoretician.

Rolland, Romain (1866-1944)
French writer.

Romanelli, Guido (1876- ? )
Italian general, leader of the Italian military mission to Hungary, 1919.

Roosevelt, Nicholas (1893-1982)
Member of the Coolidge Mission in Hungary.

Rostow, Walt W. (b. 1916)
American economic historian and government official.

Rothmere, Harold Sidney Harmsworth Lord (1868-1940)
Conservative British politician and publisher. Publicly criticized the terms of the Peace Treaty of Trianon following 1927.

Roux, Charles
French ambassador to Romania.

Rugonfalvi-Kiss, Istvan (1881-1957)
A traditionalist historian of the National Romantic School at the University of Debrecen.

Saint-Aulaire, Charles compte de (1866-1954)
French diplomat, ambassador to Romania, 1916-1920; Spain, 1920, and Great Britain, 1921-1924.

Sapieha, Prince Eustacy Kajetan (1881-1963)
Polish Foreign Minister, 1920-1921.

Schober, Johann (1874-1932)
Austrian Chancellor, 1921-1922.

Scialoja, Vittorio (1856-1933)
Italian Senator and Minister of Foreign Affairs, November 1919-June 1920 in the Nitti cabinet.

Serenyi, Sandor
Hungarian Politburo member.

Serge, Victor (1890-1947)
Writer, international anarchist of Russian background.

Seton-Watson, Robert W. (1879-1951)
British scholar, founder and editor of The New Europe.

Seymour, Charles (1885-1963)
Scholar, American member of the Territorial Commission for Romania.

Sforza, Carlo Count (1873-1952)
Italian liberal politician; Prime Minister, 1920-1921.

Simonyi-Semadam, Sandor (1864-1946)
Hungarian Prime Minister, March 1920-July 1920.

Sixtus, Robert Borbon Count of Parma (1886-1934)
Brother-in-law of Emperor Karl, go-between during the period of secret peace feelers between Austria-Hungary and France.

Smeral, Bohumir (1880-1941)
Left-wing socialist; founder of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, 1919-1929.

Smith, Walter Bedell (1895-1961)
American soldier and statesman. Delegate to the Paris Peace Conference of 1947; Ambassador to Moscow, 1946-1949; Director of the CIA, 1950-1952; Undersecretary of State, 1953-1954.

Smuts, Jan Christian (1870-1950)
South African politician and general, and minister in the Lloyd George cabinet. In April, 1919, he was sent to Hungary by the Peace Conference to negotiate with Bela Kun.

Somssich, Jozsef Count (1864-1941)
Diplomat; Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Friedrich and Huszar cabinets, 1919-1920; Ambassador to the Vatican, 1920-1924.

Sonnino, Giorgio Sidney (1847-1922)
Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Orlando cabinet.

Srobar, Vavro (1876-1950)
Slovak politician, minister plenipotentiary for Slovak affairs, 1918-1920.

Stalin, Iosif Visarionovich (1879-1953)
Soviet dictator.

Steed, Henry Wickham (1871-1956)
British publicist of The Times, famous for his anti-Austro-Hungarian sentiments.

Stefanik, Milan R. (1880-1919)
Minister of War of the first Czechoslovak government.

Steier, Lajos (1885-1938)
Journalist, self-trained historian and a noted authority on the Slovak Question in Hungary.

Szabo, Dezso (1879-1945)
Novelist, essayist, important ideologist of the Hungarian Populist Movement.

Szabo, Dezso (1882-1962)
Historian and professor at the University of Debrecen and one of the younger members of the interwar Hungarian Positivist School.

Szabo, Imre (b. 1912)
Scientist, member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Szabo, Istvan Negyatadi (1863-1924)
Hungarian agrarian political leader, Minister of Agriculture in various governments, 1919-1924.

Szalasi, Ferenc (1897-1946)
Leader of the fascist Arrow Cross Party; Nazi puppet dictator, 1944-1945; executed for war crimes.

Szamuely, Tibor (1890-1919)
Deputy People's Commissar of War in the Hungarian Soviet of 1919.

Szekfu, Gyula (1883-1955)
Interwar Hungary's most influential historian and a founder of the Hungarian Geistesgeschichte school.

Szende, Pal (1879-1934)
Radical, sociologist, historian, Minister of Finance in the Berinkey Government, 1919.

Szentgyorgyi, Istvan (1842-1931)
Hungarian dramatist; School for the Dramatic Arts in Tirgu Mures was named after him.

Szerenyi, Sandor
Szilassy, Gyula (1870- ? )
Professional Austro-Hungarian diplomat; Hungarian envoy to Switzerland, February to April, 1919.

Szmrecsanyi, Gyorgy (1876-1932)
Government official (foispan) Pozsony and Pozsony county, 1917-1918.

Sztojay, Dome (1883-1946)
Military man and diplomat with pro-Nazi sympathies; Prime-minister of Hungary, March 1944-October 1944; executed for war crimes.

Tahy, Laszlo (1881-1940)
Hungarian diplomat and politician; Ambassador to Prague, 1920-1922.

Tardieu, Andre (1876-1945)
Politician; President of the Territorial Commission for Romania of the Paris Peace Conference; Prime Minister in 1929, 1930, and 1932.

Teleki, Laszlo (1811-1861)
Politician, writer, revolutionary, favored a liberal nationalities policy.

Teleki, Pal Count (1879-1941)
Noted geographer; conservative politician; Hungary's Foreign Minister, 1920-1921; Prime Minister, 1920-1921 and 1938-1941.

Tennyson, Alfred Lord (1809-1892)
English poet.

Thim, Jozsef (1864-1959)
Physician and self-trained historian, Hungary's most important authority on the Serbian question.

Thurner, Michael
Mayor of Sopron.

Tisza, Istvan (1861-1918)
Leading politician and statesman; Prime Minister of Hungary, 1903-1905 and 1913-1917.

Tisza, Kalman (1830-1902)
Hungarian political leader; Prime Minister, 1875-1890.

Tittoni, Tomasso (1855-1931)
Italian Foreign Minister, 1919.

Tomorkenyi, Istvan (1866-1917)
Writer, anthropologist and antiquarian.

Toynbee, Arnold J. (1889-1975)
English historian whose A Study of History analyzes the rise and fall of human civilizations.

Troubridge, Sir Ernest (1862-1926)
British admiral, commanding on the Danube, 1919.

Tyrrell, William G. (1866-1947)
Assistant Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1918-1925.

Ullman, Gyorgy Baron (1857-1925)
President of the Hungarian Credit Bank, 1909-1925.

Vaida Voevod, Alexandru (1872-1950)
Member of pre-war Hungarian Parliament; a leader of the Romanians in Hungary; member of the Romanian National Committee; Prime Minister of Romania, 1919.

Vesnic, Milenko (1862-1921)
Yugoslav statesman; representative of Yugoslavia to the Peace Conference, 1919-1920.

Vix, Fernand (1872- ? )
Lieutenant-Colonel, head of the Allied Military Mission in Hungary 1918-1919.

Wekerle. Sandor (1848-1921)
Economist; Prime Minister of Hungary, 1906-1910, 1917-1918.

Wesselenyi, Miklos Baron (1796-1850)
Political writer and member of the reform generation.

Wessely, Laszlo (1904-1978)
Communist writer, journalist translator.

Weterle, Rev. Father
For many years the protesting voice of Alsace in the German Imperial Parliament, later deputy in the French National Assembly.

William II (1859-1941)
German Emperor and King of Prussia, 1888-1918.

Wilson, Woodrow (1856-1924)
President of the United States, 1913-1921.

Wommert, Rudolf
Comintern delegate from Pecs.

Wrangel, Pietr Baron (1878-1928)
Commander of the Russian White armies, 1920.

Yates, Halsey E.
American military attache to Bucharest, 1919.

Zanella, Ricardo
Member of the Fiume city council.

Zovanyi, Jeno (1865-1958)
Progressive Protestant church historian, known for his strong anti-Habsburg and anti-Geistesgeschichte views.

Zsombor, Geza
Swabian leader and publicist in Western Hungary

A Case Study on Trianon