Peter Pastor: Hungary Between Wilson and Lenin...

[1.]. United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Paris Peace Conference 1919 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Of fice, 1942),II, 193. Hereafter cited as FRUS-PPC.

[2.]. FRUS-PPC, I, pp. 348, 366.

[3.]. Ferenc Harrer, op.cit., pp. 359-368.

[4.]. Garami, op.cit., p. 84; Karolyi, Magyarorszagert, p. 471.

[5.]. Schweizerisches Politisches Deparment Ableilung fur Auswartiges, November 28, 1918, Box A 129, Bedy-Schwimmer Papers; Dutasta to Pichon, November 26, 1918, CAP, Hongrie, Vol. 44; The New York Times, December 12, 1918.

[6.]. Whitehouse, op.cit., pp. 264-265.

[7.]. Stovall to Herron, December 9, 1918; Herron to Stovall, December 12, 1918; Havas to Herron, December 13, 1918, The George David Herron Papers, Hungary, Czecho-Slovakia, Hoover Institution Archives; Havas to Bedy-Schwimmer, December 14, 1918, Box A 133, Bedy-Schwimmer Papers.

[8.]. The New York Times, November 26, 1918.

[9.]. Ludwig Windischgraetz, My Memoirs (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1921), p. 331; Batthyany, op.cit., II, 169-171.

[10.]. Ibid., p. 72.

[11.]. FRUS-PPC, II, 206-207.

[12.]. Batthyany, op.cit., p. 77.

[13.] L. Nagy, op.cit., p. 28.

[14.]. FRUS-PPC, II, 204-205; Woodrow Wilson Papers, Library of Congress, Series 5B, January 18, 1919. Acting Secretary of State Frank Polk in Washington acknowledged the Hungarian note and sent it to the American rnission in Paris for decision .

[15.]. Harrer, op.cit., pp. 384-388.

[16.]. Szamuely, op.cit., p. 211.

[17.]. Voros Ujsag, December 25 , 1918.

[18.]. Ibid.

[19.]. Ministere de la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armee, Archives historiques, Vincennes, Paris, Campagne contre Allemagne (1914-1918), carton 106, dossier 2, hereafter cited as CCA; for an account of the activities of the Vix mission to Hungary see Peter Pastor, "The Vix Mission in Hungary, 1918-1919: A Re-examination," Slavic Review, XXIX (1970), No. 3; Sandor Vadasz, "Vix es Karolyi," Hatortenelmi Kozlemenyek XVI (1969), No. 2. For a history of French military activities in Hungary and the Balkans based solely on material of the Archives historiques, see Jean Bernachot, Les armees francaises apres l'Armistice de 1918, Vols. I and II (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1970).

[20.]. Vix to Henrys, November 28, 1918, CCA, carton 106, dosier 3.

[21.]. Schonwald, op.cit., pp. 159-161.

[22.]. Ibid.

[23.]. Henrys to Franchet d,Esperey, November 30, 1918, CCA, carton 106, dossier2.

[24.]. The Sonnino Papers, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Reel 20, Bonin to Cabinet, November 28, 1917. Hereafter cited as Sonnino Papers.

[25.]. Henrys to Franchet d'Esperey, December 9, 1918, CCA, carton 106, dossier 2; Bohm, op.cit., p. 97.

[26.]. Benes, My War Memoirs, p. 478; FRUS-PPC, II, 379.

[27.]. Henrys to Vix, December 2, and December 8, 1918, CCA, carton 106, dossier 2; Litvan, op.cit., p. 270.

[28.]. Henrys to Franchet d'Esperey, December 9, 1918, ibid.

[29.]. French Embassy to Foreign Office, December 31, 191B, F.O. 371/3514; Pichon to Clemenceau, November 29, 1918, CAP, Hongrie, Vol. 44.

[30.]. Franchet d'Esperey to Henrys, December 13, 1918, CCA, carton 106, dossier 3.

[31.]. Istvan Borsody, Magyar-Szlovak Kiegyezes [Hungarian-Slovak Understanding] (Budapest: Officiana, 1946), p. 59; Boros, op.cit., p. 45.

[32.]. Wandycz, op.cit., p. 63; Boros, op.cit., pp. 4647.

[33.]. Vix to Henrys, December 23, 1918, CCA, carton 106, dossier 3.

[34.]. Jozsef Doberdoi Breit, op.cit., 1, 80; Wandycz, op.cit. , p. 71.

[35.]. As quoted , Kovago , op.cit., p . 116.

[36.]. Ibid.; Boros, op.cit., pp 54-57.

[37.]. FRUS-PPC, VII, 608; none of Tardieu's examined work explains his stand. Andre Tardieu, La Paix (Paris: Payot, 1921); L'epreuve du pouvoir (Paris: Flammarion, 1931); L 'heure de la decision (Paris: Flammarion, 1934).

[38.]. David Lloyd George, The Truth About the Peace Treaties (London: Victor Gollancz, 1938),II, 930.

[39.]. Kovago, op.cit. , p. 116.

[40.]. Wandycz, op.cit., p. 92.

[41.]. Woodrow Wilson Papers, Series 5 B, December 27, 1918.

[42.]. Low, op.cit., p. 26.

[43.]. The German Saxons of Transylvania formed a National Council of their own at the same time as the Rumanians. The Saxons adopted a wait and see position and on January 21, l919 voted to join Rumania. Macartney, Hungary and Her Successors, p. 277, a recent Rumanian publication calls the Saxon response ''definite and prompt," Constantinescu and Pascu, op.cit., p. 305.

[44.]. Rumbold to Balfour, December 9, 1918, F.O., 371/3141.

[45.]. "Secret Report from French Source," December 27, 1918, F.O., 371/3139.

[46.]. Vix to Henrys, December 16, 1918, CCA, carton 106, dossier 3.

847. Vix to Henrys, December 23, 1918, ibid.

[48.]. Hajdu, demokratikus forradalom.

[49.]. December 30, 1918, F.O., 371/3139.

[50.]. Clemenceau to Berthelot, December 31, 1918, CCA, 20 N 731.

[51.]. Ibid; "Instructions pour les Generaux Franchet d'Esperey et Berthelot," January 21, 1919, CAP, Roumanie, Vol. l9; John M. Thompson, Russia, Bolshevism and the Versailles Peace (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), pp. 58-59; John Bradley, Allied Intervention in Russia (New York: Basic Books, 1968), p. 137; John Silverlight, The Victors' Dilemma: Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1970), pp. 102-108.

[52.]. Bradley, op.cit., p. 152; Silverlight gives December 17 as the day of the landing, Silverlight, op.cit, p. 107.

[53.]. Saint-Aulaire, op.cit., p. 484; Raymond Poincare, Aux service de la France, Vol. X, Victoire et Armistice 1918 (Paris: Plon, 1933), p. 457; Jules Laroche, Au Ouai d'Orsay avec Briand et Poincare (Paris: Hachette, 1957), p. 73; For telegram of Clemenceau requesting information on number of troops the Rumanians could spare in southern Russia, see Clemenceau to Berthelot, December 27, CCA 20 N 731.

[54.]. Le Temps, December 31,1918.

[55.]. Pichon to Saint-Aulaire, December 30, 1918, CAP, Roumainie, Vol. 32.

[56.]. Krizman, op.cit., p. 86.

[57.]. Henrys to Franchet d'Esperey, January 13, 1919, CCA, carton 3830-696-70 E.

[58.]. Franchet d'Esperey to Clemenceau and Foch, January 15, 1919, CAP, Roumanie, Vol. 47.

[59.]. Berthelot to Clemenceau, January 9, 1919, CAP, Roumanie, Vol. 32.

[60.]. Clemenceau to Berthelot, January 15, 1919, CAP, Roumanie, Vol. 32.

[61.]. Clemenceau to Berthelot, January 24, 1919, CAP, Roumanie, Vol. 32; also in Roumanie, Vol. 42.

[62.]. "Instructions pour les Generaux Franchet d'Esperey et Berthelot," op.cit.

[63.]. "Raport fait au ministre. Analyse," March 23, 1919, CAP, Serbie, Vol. 25.

[64.]. MMTVD, V, p. 391.

[65.]. Batthyany, op.cit., II, 191.

[66.]. Le Temps, December 31, 1918.

[67.]. Breit, op.cit, pp. 209-210.

[68.]. Garami, op.cit., p. 84; Merei, op.cit., pp. 107-112.

[69.]. Henrys to Franchet. d'Esperey, January 6, 1919, CCA, carton 106, dossier 2; Bernaehot, op.cit., Vol. I, 28.

[70.]. MMTVD, V, pp. 453-454.

[71.]. Karolyi, Memoirs, pp. 147-148.

[72.]. Tokes, op.cit., pp. 115-116; Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy, p. 531. Since Mayer could not rely upon the minutes of the Workers' Council, (f. n. 51) his details are imprecise.

[73.]. Juhasz Nagy, op.cit., p. 411.

[74.]. Harrer, op.cit., p. 391.

[75.]. The government included: minister of defense, Vilmos Bohm (socialist); minister of agriculture, Barna Buza (Karolyi Party); minister of justice, Sandor Juhasz Nagy (Karolyi Party); minister of commerce, Erno Garami (socialist); minister of education, Zsigmond Kunfi (socialist); minister of public supplies, Ferene Nagy (Karolyi Party); minister of interior, Vince Nagy (Katrolyi Party); minister of economy, Istvan Nagyatadi Szabo (Smallholders' Party), minister of welfare, Gyula Peidl (socialist); minister of finance, Pal Szende (Radical Party); minister of religious affairs, Janos Vass (Karolyi Party).

[76.]. Memorandum of Namier, February 17, l 919, F. 0., 371/3514.

[77.]. Ibid.

[78.]. Ibid; Although this author considers Namier objective, Arday came to the conclusion that the British official was too critieal of the Karolyi government's actions. See, Arday, op.cit., pp. 251-252.

CHAPTER VII

[1.]. Le Temps, December 6, 1918.

[2.]. Lederer, op.cit., p. 72.

[3.]. Herbert Hoover, The Ordeals of Woodrow Wilson (New York: MeGraw-Hill, 1958), p. 151.

[4.]. Woodrow Wilson Papers, Series SB, Polk to Lansing, January 6, 1919.

[5.]. Ibid., Series SB, Wilson to Lansing, January 10, 1919.

[6.]. S.L. Bane and R.H. Lutz (eds.), The Blockade of Germany After the Armistice, 1918-1919 (Stanford: Hoover Institute Press, 1942), p. 216.

[7.]. Ibid., p. 218.

[8.]. FRUS-PPC, XII, pp. 232-233.

[9.]. Lord William H. Beveridge Papers, "Diary of Visit to Vienna, Prague and Budapest, December 1918-January 1919," Box JI Ig, London School of Economics, hereafter cited as Beveridge Papers; Lord William H. Beveridge, Power and lnfluence (New York: The Beechhurst Press, 1955), pp. 155-156.

[10.]. FRUS-PPC, XII, pp. 232-235.

[11.]. The David Lloyd George Papers, Robert Cecil to Lloyd George, January 16, 1919, Austria, Series F, Box 197, folder 5, in the Beaverbrook Library, London. Hereafter cited as Lloyd George Papers.

[12.]. Ibid., Interim Report, January 17, 1919; Beveridge Papers, Box JI Ic; Lord Beveridge, op.cit., pp. 376-377.

[13.]. Harold Nicolson, Peacemaking 1919 (London: Constable and Co., 1944),p. 240.

[14.]. John Connel, The Office (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1958), p. 22.

[15.]. Robert Cecil to Lloyd George, January 16, 1919, Lloyd George Papers, Series F, Box 197, folder 5.

[16.]. Harold J. Coolidge and Robert H. Lord, Archibald Cary Coolidge-Life and Letters (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1932), p. 196.

[17.]. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy, p. 370.

[18.]. FRUS-PPC, II, pp. 221-224.

[19.]. As quoted in L. Nagy, op.cit., p. 51.

[20.]. Woodrow Wilson Papers, Series 5B, January 11, 1919.

[21.]. Liptai, op.cit., p. 75.

[22.]. Coolidge and Lord, op.cit., p. 211.

[23.]. Ibid.

[24.]. FRUS-PPC, Xll, pp. 372-374.

[25.]. Coolidge and Lord, op.cit., p . 211.

[26.]. George Creel, How We Advertised America (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1920), p. 421. Neither Creel's published writings nor his private papers at the Library of Congress describe or discuss this meeting.

[27.]. Karolyine, op.cit., pp. 450451.

[28.]. Creel, op.cit., p. 424.

[29.]. Creel, op.cit., p. 421; for the decision of the Peace Conference, see FRUS-PPC, I, 415.

[30.]. Woodrow Wilson Papers, Creel to Wilson, February 3, 1919, Series 5B.

[31.]. FRUS-PPC, Xl, 34.

[32.]. Seymour to Coolidge, Seymour to Tyler, February 14, 1919, House Mss., Drawer 29, file 186,Yale University Library.

[33.]. Seymour, op.cit, p. XXX.

[34.]. Harrer, op.cit., p. 387.

[35.]. Coolidge and Lord, op.cit., p. 202.

[36.]. FRUS-PPC, Xl, 34.

[37.]. Jaszi, Revolution and Counter-Revolution, p. 91; Oscar Jaszi Papers, Diary.

[38.]. C.M. Storey to A.C. Coolidge, February 10, 1919, Document 184.01102/ 76, National Archives; Daily Report on Austria-Hungary, February 26,1919,House Mss., Drawer 29, file 132. The Storey report included the speech in full, while the Daily Report which was to inform the American plenipotentiaries is merely a summary.

[39.]. L.Nagy, op.cit., p.60.

[40.]. See p. 70

[41.]. Confidential report in Daily Report on Austria-Hungary, February 10, 1919, House Mss., Drawer 29, file 132, Yale University Library.

[42.]. L. Nagy, op.cit., p.64;-, "Az olasz erdekek es Magyarorszag 1918-1919-ben" [Italian Interests and Hungary in 1918-1919] in Tortenelmi Szemle, no. 2-3, 1965, 262.

[43.]. Report of General Badoglio, January 29, 1919, Sonnino Papers, Reel 26.

[44.]. Confidential report in Daily Report on Austria-Hungary, March 5, 1919, House Mss., Drawer 29, file 132.

[45.]. Ibid., March 18, 1919.

[46.]. Thomas Cuninghame, "Between the War and Peace Treaties: A Contemporary Narrative," Hungarian Quarterly, V, No. 3, 1939, 412-413. Hereafter cited as "Between the War."

[47.]. Thomas Montgomery Cuninghame, Dusty Measure (London: John Murray, 1939), p. 317.

[48.]. Cuninghame, "Between the War," p. 422; Robert Graham to Lord Curzon, February 27, 1919, F.O., 371/3514.

[49.]. Cuninghame, Dusty Measure, p. 320.

[50.]. FRUS-PPC, Xll, 237-239; Benes, Nemzetek Forradalma, III, 204-205.

[51.]. Stephen Bonsal, op.cit, p. 151.

[52.]. FRUS-PPC, IV, 204, 269, 522; Ibid., X, 66; Bane and Lutz, op.cit., p. 271.

[53.]. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy, pp. 387-389; Rozsa Koves and Tibor Erenyi, Kunfi Zsigmond eletutja [The Life of Zsigmond Kunfi] (Budapest: Kossuth, 1974), pp. 104-106.

[54.]. Buchinger, op.cit, pp. 103-109.

[55.]. Ibid., p. 107; Weltner, op.cit, p. 115.

[56.]. Buchinger, op.cit., p. 112.

[57.]. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy, p. 405.

[58.]. Voros Ujsag, February 11, 1919.

CHAPTER VIII

[1.]. Hevesi, op.cit, p. 171.

[2.]. Voros Ujsag, January 11, 1919.

[3.]. Ibid., January 18, 21, 23, 1919.

[4.]. Szamuely, op.cit., p. 296.

[5.]. Tokes, op.cit., p. 1 1 7; Voros Ujsag, January 30.

[6.]. Frank Eckelt, "The Rise and Fall of the Bela Kun Regime in 1919," Ph.D. dissertation presented at New York University, 1965, p. 254.

[7.]. Weltner, op.cit., p. 131.

[8.]. MMTVD, V, 547-548.

[9.]. Marxist historiography assumes the opposite hypothesis. Marxist historians claim that socialist attacks on the communists were due to the fact that they were encouraged by the Gemman example. See Szamuely, op.cit, p. 296; Society for Dissemination of Scientific Information, Hungarian-American Relations, 1918-1960 (Budapest: Pannonia Press, 1960), p. 9; Liptai, op.cit, p. 75.

[10.]. Vix to de Lobit, December 26, 1918, CCA, carton 106, dossier 3; Vix to de Lobit, December 27, 1918, CCA, carton 106, dossier 3.

[11.]. Bohm, op.cit., pp. 99-100; Tharaud, op.cit., p. 179.

[12.]. Voros Ujsag, February 11, 1919.

[13.]. "Radiogram Aux Gouvernements des Etats Alliees, Washington, Paris, London, Roma, Belgrade, Moszkva et Tokio," December 20, 1918, Sonnino Papers, Reel 22.

[14.]. MMTVD, V, p. 451.

[15.]. Vix to de Lobit, January 20, 1919, CCA, carton 106, dossier 2; Pichon to French ambassadors in London, Rome, Bern and to French minister in Prague, January 25, 1919, CAP, Hongrie, Vol. 27.

[16.]. Stielly to Vix, January 21,1919, CCA, carton 3830-696-70 E.

[17.]. "Surgony Tchicherintol, Moszkva," February 9, 1919, ibid.

[18.]. MMTVD, V, p. 452; Pravda, February 4, 1919.

[19.]. Stielly to Vix, February 20, 1919, CCA, carton 3830-696-70 E; Hungary Fegyverszuneti Bizottsag [Armistice Commission] Hoover Institute Archives, p. 341.

[20.]. The Ray Stannard Baker Papers, "Note in regard to the Russian Prisoners now interned in Germany," January 11, 1919, Box 8, Princeton University Library, Princeton, New Jersey; British Armistice Commission, Spa. "Notes," January 14, 1919, W.O., 144/8.

[21.]. Janin to Clemenceau, November 17, 1918, CAP, Russie, Vol. 49; British Embassy to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, March 19, 1919, CAP, Russie, Vol 49.

[22.]. Clemenceau to Pichon, November 13, 1919, CAP, Russie, Vol. 49, Pichon to British Embassy, March 27, 1919, CAP, Russie, Vol. 49; Sonnino Papers, February 1, 1919, Reel 26.

[23.]. George Pall, personal inteniew with the author, at Columbia University, New York, September 16, 1968.

[24.]. Vince Nagy, Oktobertol-Oktoberig [From October to October] (New York: Pro Arte Publishing Co., 1962), p. 102.

[25.]. Pall, loc. cit.; the triumvirate of police leaders included Karoly Dietz and his two assistants, Gyorgy Pall and Bela Szentkiralyi.

[26.]. Partial photographic reporduction of an article in Kelen, op.cit, p. 81. parts reprinted in, Laszlo Remete, (ed.), Rengj csak, Fold! [Let's have Earthquake!], (Budapest: Kossuth, 1968), pp. 294-297.

[27.]. Kunne,op.cit., pp. 121-123.

[28.]. Tibor Hajdu, "A KMP vezetoinek 1919 Februar 21-i letartoztatasa a Minisztertanacs elott" [The February 21 Arrest of the Leaders of the Hungarian Communist Party before the Council of Ministers] Parttorteneti Kozlemenyek, II (1965), 173.

[29.]. Karolyi, Memoirs, p. 148.

[30.]. Borbala Szeretmi, (ed.), Nagy Idok Tanui Emlekeznek [Witnesses of Heroic Times Remember] (Budapest: Kossuth, 1959), pp. 127-128.

[31.]. Juhasz Nagy, op.cit., pp. 470-471; Bohm, op.cit., p. 183.

[32.]. Szamuely, op.cit., p. 313.

[33.]. L. Nagy, op.cit., p. 70.

[34.]. See Stovall's press reports in the Wilson Papers, Series 5B.

[35.]. L. Nagy, op.cit, p. 70.

[36.]. Szamuely, op.cit., p. 310.

[37.]. Miklos Kozma, Az osszeomlas 1918-19 [The Collapse 1918-19] (Budapest: Athenaeum, 1933), p. 102;Tokes,op.cit., p.127.

[38.]. Franchet d'Esperey to Clemenceau and Foch, February 13, 1919, CAP, Roumanie, Vol. 47.

[39.]. Rumanian Commission to Allied Supreme Council (Council of Ten), February 15, 1919, CAP, Roumanie, Vol. 47.

[40.]. Sherman David Spector, Rumania at the Paris Peace Conference: A Study of the Diplomacy of I.C. Bratianu (New York: Bookman Associates, 1962), p. 103; Nicholas Roosevelt, A Front Row Seat (Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 1953), p. 105.

[41.]. "Note lue par le General Alby devant leCommission des Affaires Roumanes," February 19, 1919, CAP, Roumanie, Vol. 47

[42.]. Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement (Garden City: Doubleday, 1922), III, 29; W. K. Hancock and Jean van der Poel, (eds.), Selections from the Smuts Papers, Vol. IV (November 1918-August 1919) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 86.

[43.]. David Hunter Miller, My Diary at the Conference of Paris with Documents: Minutes of the Supreme Council (NewYork: 1925), XV, 52-54; FRUS-PPC, IV, 122.

[44.]. "Plan d'action en Russie," February 17, 1919, Sonnino Papers, Reel 50.

[45.] Hunter Miller, op.cit., XIV, 174-175

[46.]. Spector, op.cit., p. 106.

[47.]. Report on General Badoglio, January 29, I9l9, Sonnino Papers, Reel 26; Tellegrammi in partenza, February 12, 1919, Sonnino Papers, Reel 42.

[48.]. "Rapport sur la creation d'une zone neutre entre Hongrois et Roumains en Transylvanie," February 26, 1919, CCA, 20 N 729, Carton 42; FRUS-PPC, IV,157-158.

[49.]. Clemenceau to Franchet d'Esperey, March 1, 1919, CAP, Roumanie, Vol. 47; Confidential Report of Lansing, March 26, 1919, Papers on Internal Affairs of Austria-Hungary, file 864/00/37.

[50.]. Franchet d'Esperey to Berthelot, March 5, 1919, CCA, N 732; Goodwin to Coolidge, March 15, 1919, Coolidge Papers, 184.01102t232; Spector, op.cit., pp.109-111.

[51.]. Silverlight, op.cit., p. 101; Bradley, op.cit., p. 137; Azan, op.cit., p. 240; Charbonneau, op.cit., p. 150.

[52.]. Franchet d'Esperey to Berthelot, March 6, 1919, CCA, 20 N 732.

[53.]. Juhasz Nagy, op.cit., p. 422.

[54.]. Commission Ministeriel d'Armistice to Vix, March 17, 1919, CCA, carton3830-696-70 E.

[55.]. Juhasz Nagy, op.cit., p. 457; Szamuely, op.cit., p. 320.

[56.]. C. A. Macartney, Hungary and Her Successors, pp. 210-212.

[57.]. Ibid., p. 214.

[58.]. Andics, A Magyar nacionalizmus, p. 258.

[59.]. Nepszava, March 13, lglg

[60.]. Karolyine, op.cit., p. 460.

[61.]. Voros Usag, March 13, 1919; Eckelt, op.cit., p. 156.

[62.]. Jaszi, Revolution and Counter-Revolution, p. 87.

[63.]. H. Rumbold to Lord Curzon, April 3, 1919, F.O., 371/3515.

[64.]. Karolyine, op.cit., p. 456.

[65.]. Ibid., p. 456.

[66.]. Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett, The Tragedy of Central Europe (London: ThorntonButterworth, 1923), p. 59.

[67.]. Cuninghame, op.cit., p. 328.

[68.]. Ashmead-Bartlett, op.cit., p. 61; Juhasz Nagy, op.cit., p. 176.

[69.]. Juhasz Nagy, op.cit., p. 170.

[70.]. Szviezsenyi, op.cit., p. 90.

[71.]. Resume hebdomadaire de la situation Hongrie, Semaine 23 fevrier au ler mars, 1919, CCA, carton 106, dossier 3.

[72.]. De Lobit to Franchet d'Esperey, March 1, 1919, CCA, carton 106, dossier 2.

[73.]. Garami, op.cit., pp. 107-108.

[74.]. Bohm, op.cit., pp. 101 -102.

[75.]. De Lobit to Vix, March 12, 1919, CCA, carton 106, dossier 2.

[76.]. Bela Kun, A Magyar tanacskoztarsasagrol [Of the Hungarian Soviet Republic] (Budapest: Kossuth, 1958), p. 145.

[77.]. Kozma, op.cit., p. 137.

[78.]. Szelpal, op.cit., p. 81. For the text of the memorandum see Deak, op.cit., p 407. The examined material of the Archives Militaire did not contain the text of the memorandum.

[79.]. De Lobit to Franchet d'Esperey, March 15, 1919, CCA, carton 106, dossier 2; Franchet d.Esperey to de Lobit, March 17,1919, ibid., dossier 3.

[80.]. Denes Berinkey to Vix, March 17, 1919, CCA, carton 106, dossier 3.

[81.]. Vix to de Lobit, March 16, 1919, CCA, carton 106, dossier 3.

[82.]. Goodwin to Coolidge, March 15, 1919, Coolidge Papers, 184.01102/232.

[83.]. Vix to de Lobit, March 16, 1919, CCA, carton 106, dossier 3.

[84.]. Ibid.

[85.]. Denes Berinkey to Vix, March 17, 1919, CCA, carton 106, dossier 3.

[86.]. Franchet d'Esperey to Clemenceau and Foch, March 1, 1919, CAP, Russie,Vol. 33.

[87.]. Clemenceau to Berthelot, March 7, 1919, CCA, 20 N 732.

[88.]. Franchet d'Esperey to Clemenceau and Foch, March 11, 1919, CAP, Russie,Vol. 227.

[89.]. William Henry Chamberlin, The Russian Revolulion (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1965),11, 166.

[90.]. Franchet d'Esperey to Clemenceau and Foch, March 12, 1919, CAP, Russie, Vol. 227.

[91.]. Ibid.

[92.]. Clemenceau to Franchet d'Esperey and Berthelot, March 13, 1919, CAP, Russie, Vol. 227.

[93.]. Clemenceau to Franchet d'Esperey and Berthelot, March 14, 1919, Russie, Vol. 227.

[94.]. "Note ramenee par M. Antonescu a M. Clemenceau," March 14, 1919, CAP, Roumanie, Vol. 47; Clemenceau to Franchet d'Esperey, March 14, 1919, CAP, Roumanie, Vol. 47; for a discussion on Rumania's exploitation of the "Red Scare," see Spector, op.cit., p. 107.

[95.]. Gondrecourt to Ambassador G. Barrere, March 26, 1919, CAP, Hongrie, Vol. 27; Bernachot, op.cit., 1, 85.

[96.]. Franchet d'Esperey to Berthelot, March 19, CCA, 20 N 731; Franchet d'Esperey to de Lobit, March 20, 1919, CCA, 27 N 89.

[97.]. Franchet d'Esperey to Clemenceau and Foch, March 20, 1919, CAP, Roumanie, Vol. 47.

[98.]. Ibid.

[99.]. De Lobit to Franchet d'Esperey, March 19, 1919, CCA, carton 106, dossier 2.

[100.]. De Lobit to Karolyi, March 19, 1919;CCA, 20 N 732; lacking the documents now available, the author previously assumed that Vix had an open choice when to hand the memorandum to the Hungarians. Pastor, op.cit., p. 496; for a revised interpretation stressing the Bolshevik angle as a background to the Vix ultimatum, see, Peter Pastor, "Franco-Rumanian Intervention in Russia and the Vix Ulhmatum: Background to Hungary's Loss of Transylvania," The Canadian-American Review of Hungarian Studies, Vol. 1, 1974.

[101.]. De Lobit to Gondrecourt, March 19,1919, CCA, 26 N 89.

[102.]. "Rectification a l'instruction 129 relative a l,organisation zone neutre en Hongrie, March 19, 1919, CCA, 20 N 732; for the original order no. 129 sent to Vix on March 15, see CCA, 26 N 89; Bernachot, op.cit., 1, 97.

[103.]. Goodwin to Grew, March 22, 1919, Coolidge Papers, 184.01102/284.

[104.]. Roosevelt, op.cit., p. 109.

[105.]. FRUS-PPC, XII, 415416.

[106.]. Karolyine, op.cit, p. 466.

[107.]. On the above mentioned issues, there is a difference of opinion between Vadasz and me. Vadasz seems to disregard the reports of Vix and de Lobit on the Yates encounter and claims that Karolyi was not aware that the Allies had no military force available to fight against Hungary. Also, he claims that Vix always acted in accordance with his orders. See Vadasz, op.cit., pp. 260-262.

[108.]. Bohm, op.cit., p. 191.

[109.]. Garami, op.cit., p. 111.

[110.].Bohm, op.cit., p. 192.

[111.]. Bela Godaneez, A forradalom vezerkaraban: Landler Jeno eleterol [In the General Staff of the Revolution: The Life of Jeno Landler] (Budapest: Tancsics, 1959), p. 149.

[112.]. Bohm, op.cit., pp. 192-194; MMTVD, V, 679-681; Szamuely, op.cit.,p. 338.

[113.]. Juhasz Nagy, op.cit., p. 494.

[114.]. Erik Molnar, (ed.), Magyarorszag tortenete [History of Hungary] (Budapest Gondolat, 1967), II, 317. A Marxist monograph explains that Kun's decision to unite was motivated by the fear that the governmental interregnum would cause Allied occupation leading to the destruction of the Communist Party. See Mrs. Sandor Gabor, A ket munkaspart egyesulese 1919-ben [The Union of the Two Workers' Parties in 1919] (Budapest: Kossuth, 1961), p. 21.

[115.]. Kelen, op.cit., p. 91 (photocopy of original).

[116.]. Kunfi later attempted to clear himself and the other socialist ministers by explaining that they thought that the accord was known to all the cabinet members. See Harrer, op.cit, p. 406; Kunfi's biographers claim that since the cabinet was to resign, Kunfi's loyalty was rightly with the fusion government whose interest demanded his silence. See Koves and Eretnyi, op.cit., pp. 116-120; another Marxist historian, Tibor Hajdu claims that the socialist silence "was dictated by the power relations of the labour movement, by the course of the revolution, and not by the will of certain individuals," Tibur Hajdu, "A Contribution to the History of the Proclamation of the Hungarian Republic of Councils in 1919," Ata Historica Academiea Scientieum Hungaricae, 19, 1973, p. 81.

[117.]. Katrolyi, Memoirs, p. 154.

[118.]. As quoted in Szelpal, op.cit., p. 92.

[119.]. Mihaly Bihari, Egy gyorsird feljegyzesei [The Notes of a Stenographer] (Budapest: Kossuth, 1969), p. 147.

[120.]. As quoted in ibid., p. 147.

[121.]. During a personal interview with Simonyi, the fonner secretary claimed that it was Karolyi who drew up his resignation with Ken. He claimed that his resignation was therefore not by a coup but by his own design. Henri Simonyi, personal interview with the author at 22 Rue Brey, Paris, June 26, 1969; Simonyi, "Vissazaemlekezesek," [Memories], Szazadok, 1966, no. 1, pp. 109-110. Whether Kalolyi willfully resigned or not is still a controversial point. See, Gyula Illyes, "Egy tanuvallomas" [Confessions of a Witness], Nepszabadsag, September 21, 1969; Gyorgy Litvan, "Meg egyszer Katrolyi Mihaly lemondasarol" [Once More About the Resignation of Mihaly Karolyi], Nepszabadsag, October 5, 1969; Tibor Hajdu, "Adatok a Tanacskoztarsasag kikialtasanak tortenetehez," [Contributions to the Proclamation of the Soviet Republic], Parttorteneti Kozlemenyek, 3, 1972,150-152.

[122.]. The author's explanation was constructed from memoirs. Cf. Karolyi, Memoirs, pp. 154-155; Bohm, op.cit., pp. 195-205; Vince Nagy, op.cit., pp. 135-136; Harrer, op.cit., pp. 405-407; Garami, op.cit., pp. 111-120; Karolyine, op.cit., pp. 467-468. For a secondary but imprecise account, see Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy, pp. 153-154.

[123.]. Molnar, op cit., pp. 318-319.

[124.]. Kelen, op.cit., p.93.

[125.]. Szelpa1, op.cit., p. 81.

[126.]. Voros Ujsag, March 22, 1919.

[127.]. Ibid., March 23,1919.

[128.]. MMTVD, VI/a, p. 9. It is noteworthy that in a cable from Constantinople, General Franchet d'Esperey advised Paris on March 22 that the bourgeois parties in Hungary had made an offer to Vix to fight against Russian Bolshevism in return for a promise of Hungary's territorial integrity and 15,000 troops to keep internal order. Apparently this message was interpreted by the Hungarians as a call for troops. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy, p. 549, fn. 1; the Archives of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of Austria-Hungary, file No 164.00/37, National Archives.

[129.]. Karolyine, op.cit., pp. 470-471.

[130.]. Paul Mantoux, Paris Peace Conference, 1919: Proceedings of the Council of Four, March 24-April 18, tr. by John B. Whitton (Geneva, Droz, 1964), p. 7.

[131.]. Ibid., pp. 35-36.

[132.]. Ibid., p. 55.

[133.]. Ibid., pp. 70-7 2.

[134.]. W.K. Hancock and Jean van de Pool, op.cit., p. 86.

CONCLUSION

[1.]. In their memoirs the socialist leaders Bohm and Garami claimed that among the ranks of the socialists there were tens of thousands who were communists in all but name. Ironically Bela Kun complained that a significant number of communists were influenced by socialist democratic ideology. See: Vilmos Bohm, A Magyar Tanacskoztarsasag keletkezese es osszeomlasa [ The Rise and Fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic] (New York: Hungarian Socialist Labor Federation, 1920), p. 25; Kun, op.cit., p. 565.

[2.]. FRUS-PPC, V, 61-62.

[3.]. Karolyi, Memoirs, p. 159; Karolyi to Jaszi, December 17, 1919, Oscar Jaszi Papers.

[4.]. R.W. Seton-Watson, ed., Slovakia Then and Now (London: Allen and Unwin, 1931), p. 83.

[5.]. Franz Borkenau, World Communism, A History of the Communist International (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962), p. 123.

[6.]. Meijer, Jan M., ed., The Trotsky Papers 1917-1922 (The Hague: Mauton, 1964), I, 365-366, 431.

[7.]. Hugh Seton-Watson, Eastern Europe between the Wars 1918-1941 (Carnbridge University Press, 1946), p. 189.

Peter Pastor: Hungary Between Wilson and Lenin...